Performance compensation management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Execution remuneration the executives - Essay Example For instance, it begs chiefs to give uncommon consideration to the terms of understanding for trial periods, strategies for tending to lackluster showing and the dangers presented by standard archives for lawful agreements. The article is written in open exposition and is succinct in its explanation. The article sounds an admonition to HR administrators to make moves to not fall into normal legitimate traps, which would pointlessly burn through the company’s time and assets. This article offers an intriguing option in contrast to how Performance Management is traditionally embraced. As opposed to concentrate on assessment and examination, the article contends, offering accentuation to representative advancement will undoubtedly prompt positive results. This methodology is to be applied without giving undue thought to the competency levels of representatives. The article makes the coherently solid contention that Performance Management has an a lot more extensive degree than Performance Appraisal, in that it factors the accompanying key segments: â€Å"organization’s culture, its way to deal with estimating and compensating execution, the demeanor and aptitudes of those liable for its usage and organization (regardless of whether this is HR or potentially line administrators), and the acknowledgment, duty and willing interest of the two appraisers and appraisees†. Another legitimacy appended with the article is its comprehensive plan, whereb y top chiefs, line administrators, HR faculty and different workers team up to upgrade in general proficiency and execution. At long last, the article underscores the significance of positive brain science in boosting execution. Declaration: Make worker examinations simple for your supervisors with recommended criticism and advancement remarks, HRDaily, distributed on 13 December 2012 7:05 am recovered from on eleventh January, 2013 This article is basic and to the point. The article is an advertorial, advancing a HRM device for helping administrators recorded as a hard copy

Sales managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Deals managment - Essay Example Progeon-the auxiliary of Infosys works with worldwide customers spread over the globe and in that capacity, it handles differing dialects, practices, desires and requests (Charlotte 2005). In spite of the fact that it has cut a specialty in the call community showcase by its creative preparing and improvement programs, yet unique powers encompassing globalization and consistently changing client requests place leaps occasionally. Social bungles have of late gotten typical as organizations are planning towards mergers, acquisitions and associations with worldwide customers. The business wherein Progeon works is genuinely worldwide as in it gives voice and information work administrations to multinationals by tending to the calls of the customers found around the world. In this manner, worldwide in setting of Progeon allude to a 360 degree perspective on the whole globe. Remembering this reality, it is basic that Progeon very much prepared staff, considerably after thorough preparing is as yet presented to social issues. Depiction of those issues with their explanation and likely arrangements are nitty gritty underneath: Each individual has his own gauges of comprehension and accepting what's up and what is correct, in light of the way of life in which he is raised. The level of decency in conduct, dealings and correspondence additionally lays on this essential reason of moral guidelines. Despite the fact that the staff at Progeon is granted preparing of highlight and language, yet they don't work in the neighborhood culture of the client to which they talk or address the call to. In this manner, there remain odds of penetrate of reasonableness and infringement of moral gauges from the two sides and there is no measuring stick to quantify who has done what and to what degree. This challenges the essential guideline of deals the board which begins with compatibility and certainty building. As expressed above, deals the executives bears natural products when practiced in the nearby settings of

Changes in Gwinnett County :: hometown environment

          Over time things change. A few things improve while different things change for the more awful. One thing that’s bound to change however is your condition. By and by I have seen my old neighborhood experience numerous progressions during the eleven years that I have lived in Gwinnett County. A couple of the records which have changed in my old neighborhood all through time have been the populace including decent variety, design, and the part of the individuals that grew up with me.           I first moved to Gwinnett in Nineteen-Ninety Four. At which time I went to primary school. Presently around then school generally comprised of African Americans and Caucasians. Presently eleven years after the fact you can return to that equivalent school and now you will see all kind of differing ethnicities in the school, for example, Bosnians, Haitians, Mexicans, and so forth. Towns will undoubtedly observe new assorted varieties in their general vicinity in light of the fact that after some time the populace will increment. Gwinnett took an uncommon increment in populace as it was Georgia’s quickest developing County. As you investigate the network now you can see that there are on the whole various kinds of ethnic stores and not simply Chinese. Presently there are Caribbean eateries just as Jamaican and Thai. At the point when new societies move into a region it’s useful for the more youthful populace as it instructs them to be increas ingly different and comprehend other people.â â â  â â â â â â      Architecture is a colossal job in my old neighborhood. Since Gwinnett was such a hot County at the time growing up implied that it would acquire a great deal of engineering work, which it did. At the point when I originally moved here the main stores I can recall other than the service stations were Winn Dixie, Eckerd, and OZ Video. Presently Over the time that equivalent territory has experienced an extreme change. Presently Winn Dixie is Save Rite, OZ video is shut. Alongside Eckerd are CVS and Walgreens inside a half mile. Another model is that initially the main amusement was Town Center Cinema which is currently a dollar film and Mardi Gras Arcade which is presently gone. At the point when you check out now the region incorporates AMC theaters just as the development of two shopping centers, Discover Mills and The Mall of Georgia. What I am attempting to bring up is with more populace comes greater turn of events and my town has seen a lot of it.      The last piece of my old neighborhood which has changed is the wellbeing as it were.

Answer 1 of 2 given questions with given sources Essay

Answer 1 of 2 given inquiries with given sources - Essay Example While some see him as a pioneer who mishandled controls and overlooked the standards of the French Revolution, others consider him as a fruitful pioneer who conveyed the goals of the French Revolution to his subjects. In this paper, I will extensively examine the figure of Napoleon Bonaparte, his local and international strategies, with a point of outlining whether he wrecked or protected beliefs of the French Revolution. Napoleon was an incredible planner, a virtuoso, a man with extraordinary restraint and exceptionally quick to ensure his notoriety. He had no companions and cherished no one just in light of the fact that he accepted that a man must be firm and have a steadfast heart so as to secure the opportunities of residents and battle the foes of political, monetary and social progress1. In the Napoleon’s journal, he obviously accepted that his prosperity and notoriety relied upon his capacity to win wars, and this made him battle emphatically for the opportunity of French patriot. â€Å"My power continues from my notoriety, and my notoriety from the triumphs I have won†¦conquest has made me what I’m; no one but success can keep up me.2 Being a virtuoso and a tactician empowered him keep up a military that could scarcely be overwhelmed. He had a group of mystery police that was going by Joseph Fouchã ©, spies in each edge of his domain to neutralize antagonistic governments and watch the activities of inviting powers3. The police power that was upheld by a great many taxpayers’ cash was transcendent in helping Napoleon hold onto opportunity from his political foes. What’s more, in numerous fights, he battled close by his volunteer armies consequently giving them motivation and the military turned out to be extremely faithful to him. Clearly, it bodes well to consider Napoleon as a pioneer who safeguarded the standards of the French Revolution. Endless supply of the transformation, Napoleon had satisfied the standards that the

The Advanced Leaving Speech Example to Teach You Writing

A leaving or farewell speech is an address that is given by a person to colleagues, friends, business partners at the moment of departure from a place where they used to stay for a long time. A leaving speech may take place due to the variety of reasons: Changing the place of residence (for example, in America, an overall percentage of those who move every year is 14.19 according to the U.S. Census Bureau data); a change of employment (if you take into consideration the Bureau of Labor Statistics, you’ll see that on average, individuals held 11.9 jobs from ages 18 to 50); Graduation from a school, college or university (according to the National Center for Education Statistics, the 6-year graduation rate is 88%). The statistical data looks impressive? It means that nobody can guarantee you that the next year you won’t move to a new region or change a job. In the meantime, prepare better for delivering a leaving speech at a college or university. The purpose to make a leaving speech implies the emphasis of moments spent, gratitude to those who shared a common time, and it is telling plans for a future life. Let’s start! 1. Reflect on Your Personal Feelings If you face an occasion when you are supposed to deliver a leaving speech, share all the feelings you have. Usually, when we need to say ‘goodbye’ to somebody, especially if it is someone who is close to you, it may be complicated and even painful to say something meaningful. However, you should focus on your feelings and be reflective during your speech. Feel regret? Say it: â€Å"My dear , It is regrettable to realize, but it is my final day in such an excellent company as you. Throughout all spent years with you, I could always count on your reliable support, and I’ve greatly improved my way of life. Even despite the fact that I will remain in the same splendid city of Houston, I will miss you, guys.†; Feel anxious? State it: â€Å"I feel a little anxious that I might skip some essential details of our successful collaboration within the walls of our university while speaking here, at the stage. It is possible not because of my poor memory. I simply want to say how I appreciate every moment spent with you. There are many of them that are worthy of attention at the moment when we need to say goodbye to each other. That’s why I have the list of the most important things I’ve experienced together with you. I won’t worry about missing something important in my leaving speech.†; Feel grateful? Express your gratitude: â€Å"Certainly, it would be an ugly act to leave you without saying how grateful I am for your participation in my student life. You helped me with my studies. Specifically, I want to express my biggest thanks to my first supervisor Natalie Berkman who, despite my low quick-wittedness, had spent a lot of non-working time to explain me basics of an effective performance as a consultant.† Definitely, the decision to change something in the life can be enormously difficult for many people. Nevertheless, after a continuous thinking, you make your choice in the favor of, for example, an educational development that is offered by a college or university. You spend some enjoyable moments there. As a result, the graduation day may be too painful for you or your coursemates. There are 5 ways to make goodbyes less painful at Psychology Today. They greatly help you to reconcile sadness with the reality and future great opportunities. 2. Mention What Experience You Gained Be it a job, a school, or a place where you’ve been living for a long time, you’ve surely gained some experience that is not always valuable. But your task is to think of what you’ve done while being there, and how it influences your life. What was meaningful to you while studying at a college? Lectures, seminars or extracurricular activities? Your speech may start with something like, â€Å"I can confidently state that without my professors’ outstanding skills to , I would definitely stay as a fresher for all years of my studying at this college/university. I cannot skip our beloved principal, †¦, who always demonstrated his/her punctuality at the lecturers by arriving at them on time. With such great people, the studies bring only pleasure for me.† 3. Address to Listeners Your leaving speech is devoted to people who listen to you. You can inspire or encourage the listeners. Try to be sincere by stating to the point. You can address to listeners: Collectively by addressing the whole group of people: â€Å"Even though I am leaving, I am not going to end my communication completely with my coursemates. In fact, all of you can still find me living at the same address, and I will be always happy to have you as guests. Moreover, my phone number and accounts in social networks will also remain the same. I want to really believe that I extremely appreciate the time we spent together, and I hope that you will remember me as a hearty and pleasant person.† Individually by naming a person: â€Å"Dear my , you can feel free to phone me as you did every night before doing homework. I swear that I will do my best to help you with any issue you will have. Hope no issue will be on your way. Here it is, I must go. Just remember that I will be always open for communication with you regardless of any circumstances and weather conditions.† Now, you known what to include in your leaving speech, but if you want to turn these points into a touchy leaving speech, use a sample speech outline to help you complete the speech effortlessly. Alternatively, you know where to find some professional help with speeches ask our specialists, â€Å"Write my speech†.

Webinar Strategic drivers for the near future

Exponential technologies like artificial intelligence, driverless cars, biotechnologies, 3D printing, and robots are transforming the way we live and work, triggering the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). In this age of rapid transformation in technology and systems of production, the rules of business are being constantly rewritten. For example, in the past 50 years, the average lifespan of a business model has dropped from 15 years to less than five.  So, what should organizations do to succeed during the 4IR? This webinar is based on original research by Prof. Alessandro Lanteri, who developed the CLEVER framework to map incoming risks, understand their impact, and develop a strategic response to win in the Fourth Industrial Revolution. About Professor Alessandro Lanteri Alessandro Lanteri is a Professor of Entrepreneurship at Hult. He’s also an advisor to the World Economic Forum, an expert for the World Economic Survey, a TEDx Speaker and a business consultant. His research focuses on innovation, ethics, and leadership and has been published by top international journals (e.g., Journal of Business Ethics, Journal of Social Entrepreneurship) and publishers including Harvard Business Review, the World Economic Forum Agenda, and Forbes. Grow your leadership capabilities with an MBA in international business at Hult. To learn more, take a look at our blog Infographic: Why business schools need to go beyond business, or give your career a boost with our Masters in International Business. Download a brochure or get in touch today to find out how Hult can help you to learn about the business world, the future, and yourself. Hult Rotation offers you a chance to study in a truly global way. Our rotation program allows you to study and be immersed in some of the finest cities in the world. 📠¸: @jasminmanzano . Hult Rotation offers you a chance to study in a truly global way. Our rotation program allows you to study and be immersed in some of the finest cities in the world. 📠¸: @jasminmanzano . Each year, Hult seeks to enroll a talented and ambitious incoming class from all over the world. We look for diverse students with a wide range of experiences, perspectives, and interests—students who will thrive in our unique educational atmosphere. Are you ready for a truly global experience? 📠¸: @iambrunadiniz . Each year, Hult seeks to enroll a talented and ambitious incoming class from all over the world. We look for diverse students with a wide range of experiences, perspectives, and interests—students who will thrive in our unique educational atmosphere. Are you ready for a truly global experience? 📠¸: @iambrunadiniz . We’re excited to start 2020 on a ranking high! Hult is proud to have been placed #28 in Poets Quants 2020 rankings for Best Undergraduate Business Schools in the US. Taking a huge leap of 32 places from our 2019 position, we’re also very happy to have secured top positions in key categories like: life-changing experience, practicality of the degree, and global immersion. . With five global campuses, a student body of over 130 nationalities, and a learn-by-doing approach—Hult offers a student experience like no other. . We’re excited to start 2020 on a ranking high! Hult is proud to have been placed #28 in Poets Quants 2020 rankings for Best Undergraduate Business Schools in the US. Taking a huge leap of 32 places from our 2019 position, we’re also very happy to have secured top positions in key categories like: life-changing experience, practicality of the degree, and global immersion. . With five global campuses, a student body of over 130 nationalities, and a learn-by-doing approach—Hult offers a student experience like no other. . â€Å"I’m from an engineering background and needed a whole new skill set for the industry I wanted to switch to. I learned a lot about myself and how I deal with being out of my comfort zone. I learned both soft and hard skills, from how to work in very diverse teams to key accounting metrics and strategy. I was surprised by how weak I was at certain tasks in English or how strong I actually was in other areas. Hult gave me opportunities to try new things and meet people from places I never thought I would have friends. . My internship experiences gave me the chance to broaden my view of different cultures and different companies. I had the opportunity to work and live with people whose values differed from people in my home country. I thought that this would be difficult, but it gave me the chance to reflect on my own values and assess if they were a result of my home country environment or if they were intrinsically mine. . Diederick ter Kulve (@diederick.terkulve) Netherlands Masters in International Business . â€Å"I’m from an engineering background and needed a whole new skill set for the industry I wanted to switch to. I learned a lot about myself and how I deal with being out of my comfort zone. I learned both soft and hard skills, from how to work in very diverse teams to key accounting metrics and strategy. I was surprised by how weak I was at certain tasks in English or how strong I actually was in other areas. Hult gave me opportunities to try new things and meet people from places I never thought I would have friends. . My internship experiences gave me the chance to broaden my view of different cultures and different companies. I had the opportunity to work and live with people whose values differed from people in my home country. I thought that this would be difficult, but it gave me the chance to reflect on my own values and assess if they were a result of my home country environment or if they were intrinsically mine. . Diederick ter Kulve (@diederick.terkulve) Netherlands Masters in International Business . Say a big hello to our Bachelor of Business Administration program cover star, Elisa Orus Plana âÅ" ¨ . â€Å"I’m excited for the future—especially that I cant predict whats going to happen. Maybe Ill end up in Mexico working for a trading company or maybe in Africa, developing my own business. Everything is possible, and the options are constantly changing. I love the idea that Im never going to be stuck doing the same job until the end of my life if I dont want it to be like this. . Hult really supports me and my ambitions and truly believes that we deserve to be considered as professionals as well as students. Here, I get to express not just my opinions but all elements of myself. From my creative side with the Fashion Society to my finance and business sides in Trading Club and the Management Consulting Club. We get a different type of learning here. Not just essential knowledge and theory, but practical skills and mindset. The school is always evolving. We’re encouraged to innovate and to always look for new ways of doing traditional things. We learn how to be more confident and become aware of how we can impact our environment. The school aims to help you become a better version of yourself and to stand out from the crowd.â€Å" . Elisa Orus Plana French Bachelor of Business Administration Class of 2021 Say a big hello to our Bachelor of Business Administration program cover star, Elisa Orus Plana âÅ" ¨ . â€Å"I’m excited for the future—especially that I cant predict whats going to happen. Maybe Ill end up in Mexico working for a trading company or maybe in Africa, developing my own business. Everything is possible, and the options are constantly changing. I love the idea that Im never going to be stuck doing the same job until the end of my life if I dont want it to be like this. . Hult really supports me and my ambitions and truly believes that we deserve to be considered as professionals as well as students. Here, I get to express not just my opinions but all elements of myself. From my creative side with the Fashion Society to my finance and business sides in Trading Club and the Management Consulting Club. We get a different type of learning here. Not just essential knowledge and theory, but practical skills and mindset. The school is always evolving. We’re encouraged to innovate and to always look for new ways of doing traditional things. We learn how to be more confident and become aware of how we can impact our environment. The school aims to help you become a better version of yourself and to stand out from the crowd.â€Å" . Elisa Orus Plana French Bachelor of Business Administration Class of 2021"> During the final days of 2019, you probably reflected on what you’ve accomplished this year—and even this decade—and what you’d like to achieve in 2020. Let us know in the comments below. During the final days of 2019, you probably reflected on what you’ve accomplished this year—and even this decade—and what you’d like to achieve in 2020. Let us know in the comments below. â€Å"The first time we did group work on the program, I went head-to-head with a colleague. It taught me a lot about how I see people, how people see me, and how conflict can be resolved in a kind and productive way. The best feedback you get, when delivered constructively, is the most critical because it really feeds into how you lead. I’ve completely reversed my leadership style—the result is so much richer and more powerful when you lead from behind and lead with strength. . Studying in tandem with working, whilst challenging, gave me the perfect platform to directly apply learning concepts into my business environment, the competitive landscape, and the real-estate industry as a whole. When I started the program, I was very happy in my corporate role. But my courage and aspirations grew to the point that I took on a whole new direction. Having my career coach, Joanna, as a sounding board allowed me to really be strategic and get to know myself. She coached me thro ugh all the interviews, the research, and the questions. It went in parallel with what I was doing academically and after six months everything just clicked. . I went into the EMBA knowing I had nothing to lose and I’ve come out with everything. Great strength, global friends, amazing learning, mentors from professors, a job I love, and the knowledge that I can set my mind to achieve anything and with the right support and resources I’ll get there.† . Kashani Wijetunga British, New Zealand Sri Lankan Associate Director Senior Strategy Consultant CBRE EMBA Class of 2019 . â€Å"The first time we did group work on the program, I went head-to-head with a colleague. It taught me a lot about how I see people, how people see me, and how conflict can be resolved in a kind and productive way. The best feedback you get, when delivered constructively, is the most critical because it really feeds into how you lead. I’ve completely reversed my leadership style—the result is so much richer and more powerful when you lead from behind and lead with strength. . Studying in tandem with working, whilst challenging, gave me the perfect platform to directly apply learning concepts into my business environment, the competitive landscape, and the real-estate industry as a whole. When I started the program, I was very happy in my corporate role. But my courage and aspirations grew to the point that I took on a whole new direction. Having my career coach, Joanna, as a sounding board allowed me to really be strategic and get to know myself. She coached me thro ugh all the interviews, the research, and the questions. It went in parallel with what I was doing academically and after six months everything just clicked. . I went into the EMBA knowing I had nothing to lose and I’ve come out with everything. Great strength, global friends, amazing learning, mentors from professors, a job I love, and the knowledge that I can set my mind to achieve anything and with the right support and resources I’ll get there.† . Kashani Wijetunga British, New Zealand Sri Lankan Associate Director Senior Strategy Consultant CBRE EMBA Class of 2019 . â€Å"It was now or never. I knew that I’d have likely stayed in my neighborhood for years to come if I didn’t take this opportunity. I’d not lived or studied outside of the U.S. before. So I left my job as a global strategist at an advertising agency and moved halfway around the world. I’ve come back a more culturally aware, well-versed person. I’ve realized that everything is a learning experience and an opportunity for growth. Ill definitely carry this mindset with me into the future. Technology and social media allow us to be different people in several places at once. Im excited to see how I can establish myself in whatever city Ill be lucky enough to call home and still maintain deep connections with people all over the world. I’m inspired by my classmates every day. Hearing some of their life stories and how getting this degree fits into their greater mission has been very humbling. My biggest challenge has been finding the ‘right’ path for me. There have been rooms Ive felt like I shouldnt be in, but now Im proud to feel as though I truly belong, wherever I am.† . Dwayne Logan, Jnr. American MBA Class of 2019 . â€Å"It was now or never. I knew that I’d have likely stayed in my neighborhood for years to come if I didn’t take this opportunity. I’d not lived or studied outside of the U.S. before. So I left my job as a global strategist at an advertising agency and moved halfway around the world. I’ve come back a more culturally aware, well-versed person. I’ve realized that everything is a learning experience and an opportunity for growth. Ill definitely carry this mindset with me into the future. Technology and social media allow us to be different people in several places at once. Im excited to see how I can establish myself in whatever city Ill be lucky enough to call home and still maintain deep connections with people all over the world. I’m inspired by my classmates every day. Hearing some of their life stories and how getting this degree fits into their greater mission has been very humbling. My biggest challenge has been finding the ‘right’ path for me. There have been rooms Ive felt like I shouldnt be in, but now Im proud to feel as though I truly belong, wherever I am.† . Dwayne Logan, Jnr. American MBA Class of 2019 . Happy New Year, Hultians! . Happy New Year, Hultians! .

Elements of Psychology and Sociology in The Lord of the Flies

Elements of Psychology and Sociology in The Lord of the Flies In viewing the aspects of the island society, the author William Goldings Lord of the Flies as a symbolic microcosm of society. He chooses to set the children alone in an unsupervised world, leaving them to learn ‘ the ways of the world’ in a natural setting first hand. Many different perspectives can also be considered. Goldings island of marooned youngsters becomes a microcosm. The island represents the individual human and the various characters represent the elements of the human psyche. In My readings I learned that there were deep physiological symbols which led me to investigate into numerous psychology and sociology books. I realized that Goldings world of†¦show more content†¦Freud saw this gratification to be one of the basic human needs. In much the same way, Golding portrayed the hunt as a rape with the boys ravenously jumping on top of the pig and brutalizing it. This alludes to Freuds explanation of the pleasure drive, he called the libido. The term serves as a dual intent in its psychodynamic and physically sexual sense. Jacks unwillingness to acknowledge the conch as the source of centrality on the island and Ralph as the seat of power is consistent with the portrayal of his self-importance. Jacks lack of compassion for nature, for others, and ultimately for himself is evidenced in his needless hunting. This is proved by his role in the brutal murders of Simon and Piggy, and finally in his burning of the entire island, even at the cost of his owns life. In much the same way, Piggys demeanor and very character links him to the superego, the conscience factor in Freuds model of the psyche. Golding marks Piggy with the distinction of being more intellectually mature than the others, branding him with a connection to a higher authority: At the very beginning of the story Piggy remarks to Ralph â€Å" aren’t there any adults at all?† this shows his nervousness being in a situation without anyone to supervise or watch over the actions of the ‘ children.’ the outside world. It is because the superego is dependent on outside support that Piggy fares the worst out of the three major characters due to theShow MoreRelatedWilliam Goldings Lord of the Flies Essay1510 Words   |  7 Pagesthe island society, the author William Goldings Lord of the Flies as a symbolic microcosm of society. He chooses to set the children alone in an unsupervised world, leaving them to learn the ways of the world in a natural setting first hand. Many different perspectives can also be considered. Goldings island of marooned youngsters becomes a microcosm. The island r epresents the individual human and the various characters represent the elements of the human psyche. In My readings I learned thatRead MoreEvil a Learned Behavior6329 Words   |  26 PagesGermany to the guerilla wars in Vietnam and Cambodia and presently to the devastating conflicts in the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Sudan. Evil is a learned behavior which is illustrated in dictators, school violence, and classical novels such as Lord of the Flies by William Golding and Night by Elie Wiesel. Humans are fundamentally good, and then are corrupted by their environment. Its because of evolutionary purposes. Every organism wants their species to continue (if they dont, they die off andRead MoreLiterary Analysis : An Inspector Calls 2046 Words   |  9 Pageswhich it is written or received,† exploring the relationships between the artist and society. 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I mean we figured it out, me and Willy and Bobo.† Page 33 †¢ Ruth, quoting Walter: â€Å"Walter Lee say colored people ain’t never going to start getting ahead till they start gambling on some different kinds of things in theRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagessocial forces, that inï ¬â€šuence the social actions of individuals and groups. At an intermediate level, his theory of charisma and routinization forms part of the theory of social change implicit in his work. At the most immediate level, it is one element in his theory of legitimate domination. Therefore, I will discuss how charisma and routinization relate to ideas as social forces, to rationalization, and to legitimate domination, before outlining Webers theory of charisma and routinization. Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. 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(Lauriol, 1996, has mapped our ten schools onto these four.) See also Bowman (1995) for another interesting cut of the field. The Design School: 6 STRATEGY SAFARI cause it focuses on the selection of strategicRead MoreMasculinity in the Philippines12625 Words   |  51 Pagesconscription shaped gender roles in the first half of the 20th century and fostered a rhetoric that pervaded Philippine politics in its second half. In deploying Europes cult of masculinity to support mass conscription, the Commonwealth introduced a new element into the countrys political culture. Indeed, this engendered social order-propagated through conscription, education, and mass media-fostered imagery that would shape Philippine politics at key transitional moments in the latter decades of the 20thRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesAssessment 106 Time Management Assessment 107 Type A Personality Inventory 108 Social Readjustment Rating Scale 109 Sources of Personal Stress 111 SKILL LEARNING 112 Improving the Management of Stress and Time 112 The Role of Management 113 Major Elements of Stress 113 Reactions to Stress 114 Coping with Stress 115 Managing Stress 117 Stressors 117 Eliminating Stressors 120 Eliminating Time Stressors Through Time Management 121 Eliminating Encounter Stressors Through Collaboration and Emotional IntelligenceRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesGlobal Perspective 146 DID YOU KNOW?: Posting Online Rà ©sumà ©s 147 Your Own Job Search 147 Preparing Your Rà ©sumà © 148 Some Final Remarks 149 Summary 149 Demonstrating Comprehension: Questions for Review 150 Key Terms 150 151 HRM Workshop 170 Key Elements for Successful Predictors 170 Linking Concepts to Practice: Discussion Questions 151 Developing Diagnostic and Analytical Skills 151 Validity Analysis 173 x Contents Cut Scores and Their Impact on Hiring 173 Validity Generalization 175

Biography of Ivar the Boneless, Ragnar Lodbroks son

Ivar the Boneless (794–873 CE) was the leader of the Great Viking Army in England, one of three Danish brothers who invaded and planned to take over the entire country in the 9th century CE. According to historical sources, he was a violent man, cruel and fierce.   Key Takeaways: Ivar the Boneless Known For: Leading the Great Viking ArmyAlso Known As: Ivar Ragnarsson, à varr hinn Beinlausi (Ivar the Boneless in Old Norse)Born: ca. 830, DenmarkParents: Ragnar Lodbrok and his wife AslaugKey Accomplishments: Captured and looted several monasteries in England and IrelandDied: 873 in Repton, EnglandFun Fact: His nickname has been alternately translated Ivar the Legless, a metaphor for male impotence; or Ivar the Detestable, a reflection of his character. Early Life The life of Ivar the Boneless is found in several Norse sagas, most particularly the Saga of Ivar Ragnarsson. He was said to be the eldest of three sons of the legendary Swedish Ragnar Lodbrok and his third wife Asalauga. Although Ivar is described in Ragnars Saga as a physically large and extraordinarily strong man, the saga also reports that he was disabled to the extent that he had to be carried about on his shield. The interpretation of his nickname Ivar the Boneless has been a focus of much speculation. Perhaps he suffered from osteogenesis imperfecta, a condition in which a persons bones are cartilaginous. If so, Ivars is the earliest reported case of that in medical history. One explanation suggests that his name in Latin was not exos (boneless) but exosus (detestable or detesting). Others argue that his nickname might also be translated as legless, a metaphor for male impotence.   Battles in Ireland In 854, Ragnar Lodbrok was killed after he was captured by Ælla, the king of Northumberland, who put Ragnar to death in a pit of poisonous snakes. After the news arrived at Ragnars sons in Ireland, Ivar emerged as the primary leader and his brothers went on to raid France and Spain.   In 857, Ivar allied with Olaf the White (820–874), the son of a king of Vestfold in Norway. For a decade or so, Ivar and Olaf raided several monasteries in Ireland, but eventually, the Irish developed defenses against the Viking attacks, and in 863–864, Ivar left Ireland for Northumbria.  Ã‚   The ruins of Lindisfarne Priory, Northumberland, North East England. St Marys church on left. The Priory was the scene of Viking attacks in the 8th and 9th centuries. esp_imaging / Getty Images Plus England and Revenge In Northumbria, Ivar tricked Ælla into allowing him to build a fortress, sending to Denmark for forces that landed in East Anglia  in 864. The new Viking Great Army, or Viking Heathen Army, led by Ivar and his brother Halfdan, took York in 866, and ritually butchered King Ælla the next year. Then in 868, they turned to Nottingham, and in East Anglia in 868–869 where St. Edmund was ritually killed. Ivar is said to have enjoyed inflicting painful deaths.   After the conquest of Northumbria, the Great Army was reinforced by the Summer Army—estimates of military force are about 3,000. In 870, Halfdan led the army against Wessex, and Ivar and Olaf together destroyed Dumbarton, the capital of the Scottish kingdom of Strathclyde. The next year, they returned to Dublin with cargoes of slaves meant for sale in Arabic Spain. Death By 871, Ivar, having captured Northumbria, Scotland, Mercia, and East Anglia, returned to Ireland with 200 ships and a great number of captives of Angles, Britons, and Picts. According to the Saga of Ragnar Lodbrok, before he died, supposedly peacefully, Ivar ordered that his body be buried in a mound on the English shore.   His obituary is recorded in the Irish Annals in the year 873, reading simply Ivar King of all the Norse of Ireland and Britain, ended his life. It doesnt say how he died, or whether he was in Dublin when he died. Ragnar Lodbroks saga says he was buried in England.   Burial In the fall of 873, the Great Army arrived in Repton, where  Ivar the Boneless was apparently buried. Repton, which was one of the ecclesiastical centers of England in the 9th century, was associated with the Mercian royal family. Several kings were buried here, including Aethelbald (757) and Saint Wystan (849). The Army over-wintered (wintersetl) in Repton, driving the Mercian king Burgred into exile and putting one of his thegns, Ceowulf, on the throne. During their occupancy, the Great Army remodeled the site and the church into a defensive enclosure. They excavated a large V-shaped ditch to create a D-shaped fortress, with the long side facing a cliff above the River Trent.   Several groups of burials at Repton are associated with the over-wintering, including one elite burial, Grave 511, thought by some to represent Ivar.   Grave 511 The warrior was at least between 35–45 years old when he died, and he had met with a very violent death, presumably in battle, killed by the thrust of a spear into his eye and a great slashing blow to the top of his left femur, which also removed his genitals. Cuts to the lower vertebrae show he was likely disemboweled.   The individual was robust and  just under six feet tall, taller than most people of his day. He was buried wearing Viking riches including a Thors hammer amulet and an iron sword in a wooden scabbard. A boars tusk and raven/jackdaw humerus were placed between his thighs.  Ã‚   The burial was disturbed in 1686, and there are other Viking-era burials here as well, but 511 was the first one created for the period. Excavators Martin Biddle and Birthe Kjà ¸lbye-Biddle argue that the burial is probably that of Ivar. He was clearly a person of kingly stature, and the disarticulated bones of about 200 men of military age and women were buried around him.   The only other leaders that could be interred in 873–874 were Halfdan, Guthrum, Oscetel, and Anwend, all of whom reportedly left in 874 to carry on the pillaging of England. The man in Grave 511 was tall, but he was not boneless. Sources Arnold, Martin. The Vikings: Wolves of War. New York: Rowman Littlefield, 2007Biddle, Martin, and Birthe Kjolbye-Biddle. Repton and the Great Heathen Army, 873–4. Vikings and the Danelaw. Eds. Graham-Campbell, James, et al.: Oxbow Books, 2016. Print.Richards, Julian D. Pagans and Christians at a Frontier: Viking Burial in the Danelaw. Carver, Martin, ed. The Cross Goes North: Processes of Conversion in Northern Europe, AD 300-1300. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2005. pp 383–397Smyth, Alfred P. Scandinavian Kings in the British Isles, 850–880. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977.

The Whining Nigger and Benjamin Banneker - 1344 Words

It is theorized that the phrase â€Å"angry Black man† is a social construct created during America’s Colonial period. It was supposedly used to negatively describe an African-American men who spoke out against what they considered to be an incongruous and xenophobic society and more specifically the institution of slavery. The phrase’s essence had been intentionally misconstrued. The three words together were said to have been used by whites as a dismissive tool; a method of sabotaging the validity of an outspoken Black man’s claims of an unjust and oppressive system. This was done in an effort to detract from the legitimacy of the outraged Black man’s cries of injustice. Purportedly, Abolitionist and Black male orators of the time were†¦show more content†¦This was an inherited line of work at which he made a modest living. Although, his life was still filled with great achievements. It is held that in 1753, Banneker borrowed a pocket wat ch from a wealthy neighbor. He then unassembled the watch and made a drawing of each component. Next, Banneker reassembled the watch and returned it, fully functioning and keeping the correct time, to its owner. From his illustrations Banneker then proceeded to carve, out of wood, large scale models of each part. He had calculated the appropriate number of teeth for each gear and the necessary connections between the machinery, and then constructed an operating wooden clock that kept accurate time and struck the hours for over 50 years. At the age of 58, in spite of the popular prejudices of his time, Banneker had adopted the mindset that that nothing - not his age nor his race - would stand in the way of his desire for further intellectual development. He began to study astronomy and was soon adept at predicting astrophysical anomalies. Like Banneker, Andrew Ellicott was a mathematician, amateur astronomer, and despised the institution of slavery. In 1788, with tools and books borrowed from Ellicott, Banneker came very close to accurately predicting the timing of an eclipse of the sun. He later discovered that a minor error in his calculations had been due to a discrepancy in his expert sources and not a miscalculation on his behalf. In 1791, because of his long-time

Cutting Fine Arts in Schools - 1802 Words

Cutting Fine Arts in Schools Fine arts programs are rapidly being cut around the country. When school systems are running out of money the first programs to be eliminated are the fine arts. School board members have no idea of what they are doing to students. They are unaware of the many benefits of fine arts programs in their schools. They also do not know how to run a successful fine arts program. Since 1993, when legislators imposed revenue corps on public schools, school districts have been forced to make some hard decisions about the ways they can cut back spending. Music and art programs are usually among the the first to receive severe blows. â€Å"Fine arts are vulnerable to budget cuts partly because children are not tested in music†¦show more content†¦One of the biggest effects of cutting fine arts classes is bigger class sizes. If students are not allowed to take arts classes they will put in classes that were already possibly overflowing with students. By cutt ing money for arts in schools, we risk dampening our student’s desire to experience and appreciate the arts later in life (Streich). If students are not given the chance to take a fine arts class in high school they may never have a chance to experience the arts at all. Without the arts in schools students will have fewer options when school is not in session. This could lead to an increase in home entertainment which includes playing video games, watching television, and using social network sites. This will give students more time at home which could lead them to making bad decisions in the time that they could have been doing a fine arts program. When school boards cut fine arts programs they do not think of the consequences that come. Although fine arts programs are being cut there is hope that the fine arts will continue to thrive trough the coming years. There are several successful fine arts programs throughout the country and they all haveShow MoreRelatedCourse Integ ration Is Another Solution1478 Words   |  6 Pagescurriculums can be laid down to weave Common Core and the fine arts together to create a beautiful product of different fine arts disciplines and Common Core standards (Adams, Pederson, and Narboni). Imagine connecting math and music, or art and history, or even dance and gym. The students’ motivation for learning will increase as in this example; a student might like art but not history. If he looks at history through the perspective of art, then he might find more enjoyment out of his history classRead MoreBenefits Of The Fine Arts Programs1349 Words   |  6 Pagessolution to solve the issue of under focused fine arts programs includes organizing a school’s current instruction time more efficiently within the school day. Schools could achieve efficiently using a combination of course integration and more planned and punctual lesson plans. Class time of Core subjects normally take precedent over arts classes and n on Core subjects. Maximizing instructional time for all subjects would benefit the students and schools, despite the high cost it would require (Davis)Read MoreMoney Plays An Important Factor1204 Words   |  5 PagesMoney plays an important factor in schools’ decisions for cutting or reducing fine arts. Cutting fine arts saves money that could be used on academically stimulating programs and bettering Core subject areas. An Arizona newspaper reported that a school district was able to save one and a half million dollars when they completely cut their fine arts program (Faller). Fine arts takes up a large portion of schools’ budgets, and schools who cut it in its entirety would be able to save that money andRead MoreShould Fine Arts Programs Be Cut From Schools?1046 Words   |  5 PagesKhusi Jhaveri Mrs. Gorski Reading and Language Arts 10 March 2016 Should Fine Arts Programs be Cut from Schools? How would you feel if one of your favorite subjects was cut from school? You would feel disappointed or sad right? That is how I would feel if fine arts programs were cut from my school. For me, the arts are an outlet of my soul where I can explore my passion, and express my creativity. There are some school officials that say cutting arts funding would save money that could go towardsRead MoreFine Arts Programs Should Be Kept in Schools Essay861 Words   |  4 PagesFine arts gives students a chance to pour their hearts into something beautiful; a chance to be a part of something that is bigger than just themselves. Some schools are facing financial troubles with the current economy, and one of the first programs they consider cutting is fine arts. The removal of fine arts programs would be absolutely devastating to countless members of the community. Many students would lose their favorite class, in some cases the one class that helps them get through the dayRead MoreHigh Fine Ar ts Programs Should Be Funded1275 Words   |  6 Pagesfinancial cuts, Fine Arts programs have been reduced or completely abolished. This reduction instigates the controversy on how to deal with prioritizing funding from the federal government. Students, parents, teachers, taxpayers, schools, and the federal government are all directly involved in this controversy. People that value arts education tend to be more anxious about the possible outcomes. The stakeholders are divided on whether or not the fine arts should be funded in schools. Stakeholders worriedRead MoreEssay on Fine Arts Should Remain a Curriculum at Public Schools1417 Words   |  6 Pageslimitations put on the powers of artistry. Staci Maiers validates that â€Å"the school play, the marching band, the drama club, the student art show - they’re usually highlights of a student’s education† (1). â€Å". . . [Fine Arts] can connect people more deeply to the world and open them to new ways of se eing, creating the foundation to forge social bonds and community cohesion,† (qtd in Smith 2). Maiers expresses, â€Å"Because fine arts education typically is not considered core curriculum or included on high-stakesRead MoreShould Fine Arts Be Kept in Schools?857 Words   |  3 PagesFine arts are one of the first things that get cut when school budgets are getting tight. Administrators even question why we have a fine arts program if it’s not beneficial to the curriculum. You need fine arts to improve creativity and mindset for whatever you may want to do, and help kids see a way to have a place to belong and get in where they may feel left out or otherwise rejected. Research shows that low poverty areas that have fine arts programs keep kids occupied and out of trouble. FineRead MoreEssay on Fine Arts Education Issues1541 Words   |  7 PagesFine Arts Education Issues According to the National Art Education Association’s goals for schools, â€Å"all elementary schools shall require students to complete a sequential program of art instruction that integrates the study of art production, aesthetics, art criticism, and art history,† (Clark, 1987). Elementary schools are having difficulty because they are cutting back on the fine arts programming and many non-specialist classroom teachers are expected to integrate the fine arts into theirRead MoreLouis Joseph Watteaus Contribution to French Art1086 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Louis Joseph Watteau Introduction What was Watteaus Contribution to French Art Louis Joseph Watteau from Lille, France, who was also known as Watteau of Lille, was part of a family of noted artists and painters during the 18th Century. He was born April 10, 1731, and he died on August 27, 1798. Louis was the great nephew of great painter Jean-Antoine Watteau and he was the son of Joseph Watteau (1689-1756) and the brother of Jean-Antoine Watteau. Hence, it is clear that Louis Joseph Watteau

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Based Nursing †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Based Nursing. Answer: Introduction In case of arthroscopic surgeries, the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the repair of the torn meniscus are common. The ACL helps to stabilize and provide support to the joints. In the case scenario, Mr. James Versace is 17 years old adolescent, who is a soccer player. He faced problem in exercise and pain. Other medical problems of Mr. Versace are asthma, dermatitis, subluxed his left patella, allergic problem and hayfever. The assignment discusses about the continual risks of postoperative condition. The current therapeutic regime is discussed that helps to reduce the risk factors. In the section, manual therapy, rationale, and intervention are discussed. The benefits of evidenced based Nursing are discussed. Continual risks of postoperative condition Westermann et al. (2014) mentioned that every surgery has some risks that is known as the complication. However, the meniscus repair is one of the safest processes, in which the risk rate is 1.3%. The main complication of the meniscus repair is the injuries to the skin nerves. Other complications of the postoperative condition are knee stiffness and infection, which are uncommon but can occur. In such circumstances, Wasserstein et al. (2013) mentioned that the doctors need to minimize the risks of complications that will help the patient to overcome the surgical risks. In the case scenario, Mr. Versace has various health complications. Therefore, before the medication, the doctor and nurse need to check his medical history as he has allergic problem. He has allergies in lactose, cashews, animal fur, peanuts, and pollen. Therefore, the nurse needs to be careful about his diet as well, which may increase the complications of the postoperative condition. The nurse needs to observe him a nd provide intensive care to avoid the infection. He needs to take complete bed rest and avoid the alcohol consumption. From the case scenario, it is clear that Mr. Versace takes alcohol occasionally. In postoperative condition, the doctor can suggest about the rehabilitation to the patient that will help them to get over the problem. The rehabilitation technique with the sound rehabilitation plays major role in the treatment of the meniscus repair. With the medication, the physiotherapy is also important that will help in leg movement. As Mr. Versace is an adolescent athlete, he needs to get over the problem as earlier as possible. In such cases, physical therapy helps the patient to get back in his normal life. To provide the quality to the patient, who has gone through arthroscopic surgeries, need to understand the biomechanics. Achtnich et al. (2016) suggested that with the medication, the physical exercise is necessary that can help the patient to avoid the complication. The clinical evaluation and the treatment techniques ensure the optimal outcomes. In such circumstance, communication plays key role. The nurse needs to have proper communication skill that will help to know about the patient requirement. In such condition, the medical lab reports can help the nurses as well to know about the condition of the patient. Therefore, the nurse needs to check the lab reports minutely. Manual therapy The main purposes of the manual therapy are to modulate the pain, increase the motion range, reduce the soft tissues inflammation, improve the contractile tissue repair with the extensibility, and facilitate the movement. As mentioned by Forkel et al. (2015), manual therapy refers to the application of the manual forces of therapist to improve quality and range of motion of the soft tissues and joints. Michalitsis et al. (2015) mentioned that the mobilization is one of the manual technique, which replicate the normal joint via the repeated passive motion at the low speed. The normal joint moves smoothly at varying amplitudes. On the other, Chahla et al. (2016) defined that manipulation is the fast and small force with the small amplitude, in which the joint is moved in high speed. The manual therapy helps to improve the joint mobility and joint function. In case of Mr. Versace, he needs the manual therapy as well so that he can be able to play soccer again. In case of manual therapy, the joint glides need particular planes so that the movement can be done smoothly. In case of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the repair of the torn meniscus, manual therapy helps the patient in movement (Anderson Anderson, 2015). This helps to reduce the complications of arthroscopic surgeries and provide benefits to the patient. The patient Mr. Versace is 17 years old male, who have been admitted for the arthroscopic surgeries due to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the repair of the torn meniscus. In the current context, the main problems are prioritized to manage his pain and knee movement problem. For managing the pain, the pain score needs to be managed with the pain measuring scale. This is based on the pain management plan, which needs to be developed. To reduce the pain, the doctor suggested diclofenac and mentioned the dosage of the drug to 25 mg. therefore the patient takes 1 to 2 tablets daily for the pain management. The oral medication helps him to reduce the pain. Duchman et al. . (2015) suggested that when the pain of the pain will be reduced, he will be able to move his knee and the complications will be reduced as well. Managing asthma and allergy: The patient is suffering from asthma and allergy problem. To reduce the problems he needs to modify his dietary habit first. He needs to exclude the peanuts and cashews from the diet. The nurse needs to monitor the patient and note down the problems of the patient. Mr. Versace needs to take sufficient amount of water that helps to maintain the fluid balance of the patient body. The doctor prescribed some drugs to reduce the problems of the asthma and allergy. The nurse needs to follow the medication routine of the patient and provide the medication timely. Mr. Versace needs to take the salbutamol 100 mg with the CFC inhaler. The dosages need to be maintained. Another medication includes flticasone, advantan, prednisolone and epipen. The administration of the injection needs proper routes and dosage. The nurse should be careful about the routes and dosage. Nurse responsibility Rationale Check the administration of medication (drugs and injections) Before administration of drugs, the nurse should check dosage and route. However, the dosage needs to be applied in a safe level (Shybut et al. 2015). Overdose of the medication is fatal for the patient. The overdose of the drugs that are prescribed for the asthma and allergy can be fatal for Mr. Versace. Therefore, the nurse needs to recheck the dosage of the medication. Check symptoms of the patient The medication and injection needs to be provided after detecting the signs and symptoms of the patient. As the patient has various problems, therefore the medication should be provided carefully. Check route with dosage of medication administration The nurse needs to check the dosage and route of the medication. Proper implication of medication can help the patient to reduce the problems and get well soon. Observe the patient after medication The medication is provided to reduce effects of asthma, allergy, and pain. The nurse should monitor the patient, which help to develop the patients health. Take the consent of the patient and family members Before applying the medication, the nurse needs to take the consent of the patient and his family members (Mall et al. 2014). Table 1: Rationale of nursing intervention The benefits of evidenced based nursing Evidence based Nursing has various benefits, which include to provide the quality care to the patient. The quality care helps to improve the patient outcomes (Hamer Collinson, 2014). The evidence based Nursing helps the nurses to increase their skills as well as the critical thinking and decision-making. As result, the clinical performance of the nurse develops with the experience. Evidence based nursing helps to provide knowledge and satisfaction to the nurses as it helps to enhance the patient outcomes. Implementation of the evidence-based practice can manage the available resources, which is used effectively and efficiently (DiCenso, Guyatt Ciliska, 2014). However, there are various barriers that needs to be reduced to increase the rate of positive patient outcome. Conclusion Based on the above discussion, it can be said that the meniscus repair is one of the safest processes, in which the risk rate is less. As the patient has various problems including asthma and allergies, therefore the medication process should be done properly. the patient needs to take the medication timely and should take rest that will help him to get back in the normal lifestyle. In such cases, the physical therapy and manual therapy provide relief to the patient. Hence, it is necessary for the patient. The fluid balance of the patients body needs to be maintained, which helps in the treatment. As well as the patient needs to be careful about the diet and avoid the foods that can create allergic problem. References Achtnich, A., Herbst, E., Forkel, P., Metzlaff, S., Sprenker, F., Imhoff, A. B., Petersen, W. (2016). Acute proximal anterior cruciate ligament tears: outcomes after arthroscopic suture anchor repair versus anatomic single-bundle reconstruction.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic Related Surgery,32(12), 2562-2569. Anderson, A. F., Anderson, C. N. (2015). Correlation of meniscal and articular cartilage injuries in children and adolescents with timing of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.The American journal of sports medicine,43(2), 275-281. Chahla, J., Dean, C. S., Moatshe, G., Mitchell, J. J., Cram, T. R., Yacuzzi, C., LaPrade, R. F. (2016). Meniscal Ramp Lesions: Anatomy, Incidence, Diagnosis, and Treatment.Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine,4(7), 2325967116657815. DiCenso, A., Guyatt, G., Ciliska, D. (2014).Evidence-based nursing: A guide to clinical practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Duchman, K. R., Westermann, R. W., Spindler, K. P., Reinke, E. K., Huston, L. J., Amendola, A., Wolf, B. R. (2015). The fate of meniscus tears left in situ at the time of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a 6-year follow-up study from the MOON cohort.The American journal of sports medicine,43(11), 2688-2695. Forkel, P., Reuter, S., Sprenker, F., Achtnich, A., Herbst, E., Imhoff, A., Petersen, W. (2015). Different patterns of lateral meniscus root tears in ACL injuries: application of a differentiated classification system.Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy,23(1), 112-118. Hamer, S., Collinson, G. (2014).Achieving evidence-based practice: A handbook for practitioners. Elsevier Health Sciences. Mall, N. A., Chalmers, P. N., Moric, M., Tanaka, M. J., Cole, B. J., Bach Jr, B. R., Paletta Jr, G. A. (2014). Incidence and trends of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the United States.The American journal of sports medicine,42(10), 2363-2370. Michalitsis, S., Vlychou, M., Malizos, K. N., Thriskos, P., Hantes, M. E. (2015). Meniscal and articular cartilage lesions in the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee: correlation between time from injury and knee scores.Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy,23(1), 232-239. Shybut, T. B., Vega, C. E., Haddad, J., Alexander, J. W., Gold, J. E., Noble, P. C., Lowe, W. R. (2015). Effect of lateral meniscal root tear on the stability of the anterior cruciate ligamentdeficient knee.The American journal of sports medicine,43(4), 905-911. Wasserstein, D., Dwyer, T., Gandhi, R., Austin, P. C., Mahomed, N., Ogilvie-Harris, D. (2013). A matched-cohort population study of reoperation after meniscal repair with and without concomitant anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.The American journal of sports medicine,41(2), 349-355. Westermann, R. W., Wright, R. W., Spindler, K. P., Huston, L. J., Wolf, B. R. (2014). Meniscal repair with concurrent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: operative success and patient outcomes at 6-year follow-up.The American journal of sports medicine,42(9), 2184-2192.

A Review of Facial Nerve Anatomy Essay Sample free essay sample

An intimate cognition of facial nervus anatomy is critical to avoid its accidental hurt during face lift. parotidectomy. maxillofacial break decrease. and about any surgery of the caput and cervix. Injury to the frontlet and fringy inframaxillary subdivisions of the facial nervus in peculiar can take to obvious clinical de?cits. and countries where these nervousnesss are peculiarly susceptible to hurt hold been designated danger zones by old writers. Appraisal of facial nervus map is non limited to its extratemporal anatomy. nevertheless. as many clinical de?cits originate within its intratemporal and intracranial constituents. Similarly. the facial nervus can non be considered an entirely motor nervus given its parts to savor. otic esthesis. sympathetic input to the in-between meningeal arteria. and parasympathetic excitation to the lacrimal. submandibular. and sublingual secretory organs. The configuration of de?cits ensuing from facial nervus hurt is correlated with its complex anatomy to assist set up the degree of hurt. predict recovery. and steer surgical direction. KEYWORDS: Extratemporal. intratemporal. facial nervus. frontal nervus. fringy inframaxillary nervus he anatomy of the facial nervus is among the most complex of the cranial nervousnesss. In his initial description of the cranial nervousnesss. Galen described the facial nervus as portion of a distinguishable facial-vestibulocochlear nervus composite. 1. 2 Although the anatomy of the other cranial nervousnesss was accurately described shortly after Galen’s initial descriptions. it was non until the early 1800s that Charles Bell distinguished the motor and centripetal constituents of the facial nervus. Facial nervus anatomy is categorized in footings of its relationship to the braincase or temporal bone ( intracranial. intratemporal. and extratemporal ) or its four distinguishable constituents ( branchial motor. splanchnic motor. general sensory. and particular sensory ) . The plastic sawbones bene?ts from a basic cognition of the intracranial and intratemporal constituents of the facial nervus to assist place facial nervus pathology and distinguish extratemporal from facial nervus lesions at other anatomic locations. Similarly. a cognition of the four distinguishable constituents of the facial nervus reminds the sawbones that the facial nervus is composed non entirely of voluntary motor ?bers but besides of parasympathetics to the lacrimal. submandibular. and sublingual secretory organs ; centripetal excitation to portion of the external ear ; and parts to savor at the anterior two tierces of the lingua. INTRACRANIAL ANATOMY OF THE FACIAL NERVE Voluntary control of the branchial subdivision of the facial nervus is initiated intracranially by supranuclear inputs originating from the intellectual cerebral mantle projecting to the facial karyon. These cortical inputs are arranged with forehead representation most rostral and palpebras. midface. and lips consecutive caudal to this. 5 The pyramidal system is composed of corticobulbar piece of lands that project voluntary. ipsilateral cortical inputs via the knee of the internal capsule to the 7th cranial nervus karyon of the pontine tegmentum. Cell organic structures of the upper facial motor nervousnesss giving rise to the frontal subdivision receive bilateral cortical inputs. and nerve cells to the balance of the facial karyon receive contralateral cortical excitation. Spontaneous facial motions are centrally transmitted via the extrapyramidal system. which involves diffuse axonal connexions between multiple parts including the basal ga nglia. amygdaloid nucleus. hypothalamus. and motor cerebral mantle. The extrapyramidal system regulates resting facial tone and stabilizes the voluntary motor response ; hypothalamic inputs modulate the emotional response. The facial karyon contain the cell organic structures of facial nervus lower motor nerve cells. These cell organic structures receive supranuclear inputs via synapse formation with axons going through both the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems. The con?uence of these postsynaptic lower motor nerve cells round the abducents nucleus and organize the facial colliculus at the ?oor of the 4th ventricle ( Fig. 1 ) . The branchial motor subdivision of the facial nervus exits the brain-stem at the cerebellopontine angle. where it is joined by the less robust nerve intermedius. These nervousnesss resemble the nervus roots of the spinal cord in that they are barren of epineurium but covered in pia mater and bathed in cerebrospinal ?uid. The branchial motor nerve–nervus intermedius complex travels about 15. 8 millimeter from the cerebellopontine angle before it begins its class within the temporal bone. 6 The parasympathetic constituent of the facial nervus is composed of splanchnic m otor ?bers whose arising cell organic structures are scattered within the pontine tegmentum and jointly known as the superior salivatory karyon. These karyons are in?uenced by nonvoluntary hypothalamic inputs. Cell bodies interceding the general centripetal map of the facial nervus reside in the general centripetal trigeminal karyon of the rostral myelin and receive sensory nerve inputs from projections of the geniculate ganglion within the temporal bone. The gustatory karyon within the pontine tegmentum besides receives particular centripetal inputs from the geniculate ganglion. These urges. nevertheless. were ab initio generated by gustatory sensation receptors in the anterior two tierces of the lingua. Ascending centripetal inputs from the trigeminal and gustative karyons are in?uenced by the thalamic karyon prior to their response within the centripetal cerebral mantle. Patients with supranuclear lesions affecting the motor cerebral mantle or internal capsule present clinically with loss of volitional control of the lower facial muscular structure but relentless facial tone and self-generated facial motions. Voluntary control of the forehead muscular structure is retained because the upper halves of the facial karyon. which are populated by frontal nervus subdivision cell organic structures. receive bilateral cortical excitation and so non all input is lost after a one-sided supranuclear lesion. Voluntary lip. nose. and cheek motions. nevertheless. are lost. It should besides be noted that facial musculus disfunction caused by cardinal hurt is often accompanied by motor disfunction of the lingua and manus given the propinquity of these cortical control centres within the motor cerebral mantle and internal capsule. Re?ex arcs affecting the facial karyon. such as the corneal wink ( trigeminalfacial ) . are preserved following supranuclear lesions. INTRATEMPORAL FACIAL NERVE The intratemporal anatomy of the facial nervus has been extensively studied to minimise morbidity in skull base surgery while maximising exposure. In add-on. its intraneural topography has been investigated in corpses and carnal theoretical accounts. 7–9 Whereas the topography in certain carnal theoretical accounts. such as the cat. is shown to be consistent. the topography of the intratemporal facial nervus in the human is extremely variable and spacial relationships to other intratemporal constructions such as the carotid arteria and sigmoid fistula are besides variable. 10–13 The ramification form of the intratemporal facial nervus. nevertheless. is moderately consistent. The branchial motor and nervus intermedius constituents of the facial nervus are slackly associated as they enter the internal auditory meatus of the temporal bone. Both the seventh cranial nerve and acoustic nervousnesss enter the temporal bone at the same time with the facial nervus located superi or to the acoustic nervus. The facial nervus. along with the acoustic and vestibular nervousnesss. travel 8 to 10 millimeters within the internal audile canal before merely the facial nervus enters the fallopian canal. The fallopian canal consists of labyrinthine. tympanic. and mastoid sections. The labyrinthine section is the narrowest section and extends 3 to 5 millimeter from the border of the internal audile canal. The geniculate ganglion resides within the distal portion of the labyrinthine section of the facial nervus and gives rise to the ?rst subdivision of the facial nerve—the greater petrosal nerve—which carries splanchnic motor parasympathetic ?bers to the lachrymal secretory organ ( Fig. 2 ) . The external petrosal nervus is a 2nd. threadlike subdivision that is on occasion present and provides sympathetic excitation to the in-between meningeal arteria. The lesser petrosal nervus is the 3rd subdivision widening from the geniculate ganglion. This subdivision typically carries parasympathetic ?bers associated with the glossopharyngeal nervus ( 9th cranial nervus ) to the parotid secretory organ. Salivary ?ow from the parotid secretory organ may non. nevertheless. be interrupted by lesions to the glossopharyngeal nervus. In fact. parasympathetic ?bers going along the nervus intermedius of the facial nervus can short-circuit the glossopharyngeal subdivision to the parotid and supply an alternate beginning of parasympathetic excitation to keep salivary ?ow. Compaction of the facial nervus within the labyrinthine section is peculiarly common given the canal’s narrow dimensions. The facial nervus occupies up to 83 % of the labyrinthine canal cross-sectional country compared with merely 64 % of the more distal mastoid country. 14 The junction of the labyrinthine and tympanic constituents of the fallopian canal is formed by an acute angle. and shearing of the facial nervus normally occurs as the nervus traverses this knee. 8 The tympanic or horizontal section extends 8 to 11 millimeters through the temporal bone. The midtympanic canal represents a 2nd part of fallopian canal narrowing and is a less common point of nervus compaction compared with the narrow labyrinthine section. 15 The tympanic secti on connects with the mastoid section at a 2nd knee. The voluntary motor constituent of the facial nervus exits the cerebellopontine angle with the nervus intermedius before come ining the porous acusticus. The facial nervus traverses the labyrinthine section before come ining the geniculate ganglion. The greater petrosal. external petrosal. and lesser petrosal nervousnesss are given off at this degree. The temporal or horizontal section forms the 2nd constituent of the intratemporal facial nervus and is located merely distal to a crisp knee formed at the distal geniculate ganglion. A 2nd knee separates the temporal and mastoid sections of the intratemporal facial nervus. The general centripetal subdivision of the facial nervus is given off at this degree and often travels with the general centripetal subdivision of the pneumogastric nervus ( Arnold’s nervus ) and gives esthesis to the external ear. The nervus to stapedius is a motor nervus that helps dampen loud sounds. The chorda kettle is the last subdivision of the intratemp oral facial nervus and is the terminal subdivision of the nervus intermedius. Wider cross-sectional country than the other sections. and the facial nervus gives off three subdivisions within this part. The nervus to the stapedius is the ?rst subdivision and innervates the stirrups musculus of the interior ear. Because the cell organic structures of this motor nervus are non located in the facial karyon. patients with inborn ? facial paralysiss such as Mobius syndrome retain excitation to the stirrups when the other facial mimetics are paralyzed. 8 The centripetal subdivision of the facial nervus is typically the 2nd subdivision. Ramsay Hunt ?rst noted this general sensory nervus in 1907 when patients showing with facial palsy related to herpes shingles besides demonstrated a vesicular eruption limited to parts of the external ear. 16 Ten cadaverous temporal bone dissections revealed a little subdivision off the perpendicular constituent of the intratemporal facial nervus that arced laterally and inferiorly to provide the buttocks and inferior external auditory canal. Tumor encroachment upon this centripetal nervus. which is thought to consist 10 to 15 % of the nerve cells within the intratemporal facial nervus. 17 consequences in hypoesthesia of the external ear canal and is known as Hitselberger’s mark. after the doctor who described it. The general centripetal subdivision of the facial nervus travels with Arnold’s nervus. a centripetal subdivision of the pneumogastric nervus that exits the jugular hiatuss and so joins the class of the facial nervus merely distal to the nervus to the stapedius subdivision. 8 The chorda kettle is the terminal extension of the nervus intermedius. It branches off the facial nervus in the distal tierce of the mastoid section and runs between the bonelets of the in-between ear before go outing the tympanic pit through the temporal bone at the petrotympanic ?ssure. It joins the linguistic subdivision of the trigeminal nervus to supply parasympathetic excitation to the submandibular and sublingual secretory organs. Particular centripetal sensory nerves from the anterior two tierces of the lingua besides travel with the chorda kettle. and on juncture the centripetal subdivision of the facial nervus travels with the chorda kettle alternatively of posteriorly to the chief facial nervus bole. Advocates of this technique note that harm to a little subdivision of the facial nervus during the initial geographic expedition is far less lay waste toing than an accidental hurt to the full motor bole. However. these peripheral subdivisions are more dif?cult to place because of their smaller size and a deficiency of consistent landmarks. The arborization of the extratemporal facial nervus typically begins within the substance of the parotid secretory organ and finally gives rise to the cervical. fringy mandibular. buccal. zygomatic. and frontal ( or temporal ) nervus subdivisions. Davis et al dissected 350 cadaverous facial halves and were the ?rst to categorise the ramification form of the facial nervus into six distinguishable forms. 20 The facial nervus bole typically gave rise to superior and inferior divisions. The fringy mandibular and cervical subdivisions of the facial nervus were entirely derived from the inferior division. whereas the buccal subdivision ever received some part from the inferior division and either no or a variable part from the superior division ( Fig. 3 ) . The frontal subdivision systematically represented a terminal subdivision of the superior division of the facial nervus bole. Baker and Conley reviewed the extratemporal facial nervus anatomy in 2000 parotidectomy instances. 21 Their ?n dings suggested that the facial nervus ramifying form was more variable than that noted in Davis’ cadaverous surveies. including the presence of a facial nervus bole trifurcation with a direct buccal subdivision in a few cases. EXTRATEMPORAL FACIAL NERVE The extratemporal constituent of the facial nervus starts when the facial nervus exits the stylomastoid hiatuss. In the grownup. it is protected laterally by the mastoid tip. tympanic ring. and inframaxillary ramus. whereas in kids younger than 2 old ages it is comparatively super?cial. Postauricular scratchs in this younger population must be carefully planned because the bole of the facial nervus is a hypodermic construction at this degree. After go outing the stylomastoid hiatuss. the facial nervus gives off motor subdivisions to the posterior abdomen of digastric. stylohyoid. and the superior auricular. posterior otic. and occipitalis musculuss. The facial nervus so travels along a class front tooth to the posterior abdomen of the digastric and sidelong to the external carotid arteria and styloid procedure before spliting into its chief motor subdivisions at the posterior border of the parotid secretory organ. The facial nervus bole is normally identi?ed about 1 cm deep and merel y inferior and median to the tragal arrow. The parotid and super?cial musculoaponeurotic system ( SMAS ) can so be carefully divided to expose the facial nervus for facial nervus Reconstruction. Mentions 1. O’Rahilly R. On numbering cranial nervousnesss. Acta Anat ( Basel ) 1988 ; 133 ( 1 ) :3–4 2. Steinberg DA. Scienti?c neurology and the history of the clinical scrutiny of selected motor cranial nervousnesss. Semin Neurol 2002 ; 22:349–356 3. Bell C. On the nervousnesss. giving an history of some experiments on their construction and maps. which leads to a new agreement of the system. Trans R Soc Lond 1821 ; 3:398 4. Bell C. The Nervous System of the Human Body. 2nd erectile dysfunction. London: Longman’s ; 1830 5. Crosby EC. Dejonge BR. Experimental and clinical surveies of the cardinal connexions and cardinal dealingss of the facial nervus. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1963 ; 72:735–755 6. Lang J. Anatomy of the brain-stem and the lower cranial nervousnesss. vass. and environing constructions. Am J Otol 1985 ; Suppl:1–19 7. May M. Anatomy of the facial nervus ( spacial orientation of ?bers in the temporal bone ) . Laryngoscope 1973 ; 83:1311à ¢â‚¬â€œ 1329 8. May M. Anatomy for the clinician. In: May M. Schaitkin BM explosive detection systems. The Facial Nerve. 2nd erectile dysfunction. New York: Thieme ; 2000:19–56 9. Podvinec M. Pfaltz CR. Surveies on the anatomy of the facial nervus. Acta Otolaryngol( Stockh ) 1976 ; 81:173–177 10. Harris WD. Topography of the facial nervus. Arch Otolaryngol 1968 ; 88:264–267 11. Kukwa A. Czarnecka E. Oudghiri J. Topography of the facial nervus in the stylomastoid pit. Folia Morphol ( Warsz ) 1984 ; 43 ( 4 ) :311–314 12. Sunderland S. The construction of the facial nervus. Anat Rec 1953 ; 116:147–165 13. Wysocki J. Correlations between topography of the chief constructions of the temporal bone and the location of the sigmoid fistula [ in Polish ] . Otolaryngol Pol 1998 ; 52:287–290 14. Fisch U. Esslen E. Total intratemporal exposure of the facial nervus. Pathologic ?ndings in Bell’s paralysis. Arch Otolaryngol 1972 ; 95:335–341 15. Nakashima S. Sando I. Takahashi H. Fujita S. Computeraided 3-D Reconstruction and measuring of the facial canal and facial nervus. I. Cross-sectional country and diameter: preliminary study. Laryngoscope 1993 ; 103:1150–1156 16. Hunt JR. On herpetic in?ammation of the geniculate ganglion. A new syn drome and its complications. J New Ment Dis 1907 ; 34:73–96 17. Rouviere H. Delmas A. Nerfs de la tet et du cou. In: explosive detection systems. Anatomie Humaine: Descriptive Topographique et Functionnelle. Paris: Masson ; 1985:276 18. Hitselberger WE. House WF. Acoustic neuroma diagnosing: External auditory canal hypoesthesia as an early mark. Arch Otolaryngol 1966 ; 83:218–221 19. Wilhelmi BJ. Mowlavi A. Neumeister MW. The safe face lift with cadaverous anatomic landmarks to promote the SMAS. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003 ; 111:1723–1726 20. Davis RA. Anson BJ. Puddinger JM. Kurth RE. Surgical anatomy of the facial nervus and parotid secretory organ based upon survey of 350 cervical facial halves. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1956 ; 102:385–412 21. Baker DC. Conley J. Avoiding facial nervus hurts in face lift. Anatomic fluctuations and booby traps. Plast Reconstr Surg 1979 ; 64:781–795 22. Pitanguy I. Ramos AS. The frontal subdivision of the facial nervus: th e importance of its fluctuations in face lifting. Plast Reconstr Surg 1966 ; 38:352–356 23. Stuzin JM. Wagstrom L. Kawamoto HK. Wolfe SA. Anatomy of the frontal subdivision of the facial nervus: the signi?cance of the temporal fat tablet. Plast Reconstr Surg 1989 ; 83: 265–271 24. Gosain AK. Sewall SR. Yousif NJ. The temporal subdivision of the facial nervus: how faithfully can we foretell its way? Plast Reconstr Surg 1997 ; 99:1224–1233 ; treatment 1234– 1236 25. Sabini P. Wayne I. Quatela VC. Anatomical ushers to exactly place the frontal subdivision of the facial nervus. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2003 ; 5:150–152 26. Dingman RO. Grabb WC.Surgical anatomy of the inframaxillary ramus of the facial nervus based on the dissection of 100 facial halves. Plast Reconstr Surg 1962 ; 29:266–272 27. Seckel BR. Facial Danger Zones: Avoiding Nerve Injury in Facial Plastic Surgery. Saint Louis: Quality Medical Publishers ; 1993 28. Freilinger G. Gruber H. Happak W. Pechmann U. Surgical anatomy of the mimic musculus system and the facial nervus: importance for rehabilitative and aesthetic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 1987 ; 80:686–690 29. Happak W. Burggasser G. Liu J. Gruber H. Freilinger G. Anatomy and histology of the mimic musculuss and the providing facial nervus. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1994: S85–S86 A REVIEW OF FACIAL NERVE ANATOMY/MYCKATYN. MACKINNON 30. Freilinger G. Happak W. Burggasser G. Gruber H. Histochemical function and ?ber size analysis of mimic musculuss. Plast Reconstr Surg 1990 ; 86:422–428 31. Happak W. Liu J. Burggasser G. Flowers A. Gruber H. Freilinger G. Human facial musculuss: dimensions. motor endplate distribution. and presence of musculus ?bers with multiple motor end-plates. Anat Rec 1997 ; 249:276–284 32. Bischoff EPE. Microscopic analysis of the inosculation between the cranial nervousnesss. In: Sacks EJ. Valtin EW. explosive detection systems. Hanover. New hampshire: University Press of New England ; 1977 33. Norris CW. Proud GO. Spontaneous return of facial gesture following 7th cranial nervus resection. Laryngoscope 1981 ; 91:211–215 34. Conley JJ. Accessory neuromuscular tracts to the face. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 1964 ; 68:1064–1067 35. Banfai P. Applied anatomy of the facial nervus. I. 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U.S. Foreign Policy Choices in the Cases of Syria and Libya

Introduction and the identification of the problem The interaction of countries in the international system is often determined by several factors. As opined in theories of international relations like realism, nations often seek to secure their interests when interacting or advancing a number of courses in the international system.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on U.S. Foreign Policy Choices in the Cases of Syria and Libya specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The question that is asked and which forms the basis of argument by most commentators of the international political economy is the reason why countries uses different approaches when formulating and pursuing foreign policy goals in different regions. This is one of the most debated issues in the assessment of the foreign policy goals and approaches in relation to the developments in Libya and the contemporary political developments in Syria. A differen ce has been noted in the United States policy approaches to Libya and the kind of approach that the United States is taking in addressing the developments in Syria. A critical question that comes out here concerns the factors that drive the United State to pursue a given course in a given country or region. A number of commentators point to the fact that both internal (country-derived) factors, as well as external factors (the forces that emerge on the international stage) determine the approaches of foreign policy by the United States and can be applied to the case of foreign policy response in Libya and Syria by the United States. The two cases present a similar situation; Libyans were fighting to remove a dictator from power, which is the same thing that is happening in Syria. It is expected that the United States could have taken a more similar approach due to the similarity of the cases. The response of the United States to the political development in Libya was quite fast. The United States responded directly by offering direct support to the opposition that was amounting against the late Moammar Gadhafi. On the other hand, the United States seems to be quite careful in as far as its direct actions in Syria are concerned. The United States has often been at the forefront in pressing for democracy in the Middle East reason.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, it is questionable whether the United States really seeks to promote democracy in the world or whether it just makes use of democracy as a tool for pursuing its deeper seated interest in the region. Therefore, what makes the United States quite inactive when it comes to the issue of autocracy in Syria? Why is it that the United States finds it easier to pursue its course in other countries while it becomes quite daunting for the country to advance its interests in other coun tries? This is what the research seeks to bring out. The research seeks to borrow from the theories of international relations in explaining the relations between the United States and other countries. Of greater relevance in the research is the exploration of the foreign policy of the United States in relation to the developments in Libya and Syria and the reasons why there is a variation in the approach in both countries that present a situation that is alike. The United States has often been seen taking an active role in a number of countries in the Middle East region, which has ended up changing the course of political events in those countries. Can similar approaches be applied in the Syria and what reasons are making the United States not to deploy the similar active strategies such as the ones it applied to Libya in Syria? This is a broad question that can only be responded to by the virtue of studying the models of pursuing foreign policy goals and the guiding factors in eac h approach that are taken by the United States in pursuing its foreign policy in diverse regions in the world. How do the domestic and international factors play out in the formulation and execution of the foreign policies by the United States and how have they played out differently in Libya and Syria. Are the strategies of the United States in Syria impeded more by the internal factors and interest of the United States or are they affected by other players in the international scene. Topic Description (Literature) Duncan, Jancar-Webster, and Switky (2008) observed that there are several theories that were advanced to help in explaining the nature of events in the international political economy. The relation between states can no longer be avoided, especially in the globalized world where there is a lot of cross-national and cross regional transactions across the world.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on U.S. Foreign Policy Choices in the Cases of Syri a and Libya specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, of greater interest to political economists is the observation and analysis of the manner in which states relate to each other in the international system. States advances their relations with other states through their foreign policies. Foreign policy goals are developed according to the kind of development on the international stage and the interest of a given country in the matter that prevails on the international stage. It is important to echo the systems theory, which attributes the world to a system in which countries are parts or rather the sub-systems of the larger system. According to the theory of realism that was developed by Hans Morgenthau, countries are the main actors in the international system. Morgenthau opined that nation states are the main actors when it comes to the affairs in the international system and that there is no greater actor than nation states in t he international system. The pessimism in this theory, which is perhaps the true definition of relations between states in the international system is that states often act to protect, pursue and advance their interests in all developments that take place in the international system. Therefore, the development of the foreign policy goals and strategies of states is guided by the interests of that state. This finds justification in most of the actions that have been advanced by states in as far as the interaction between states in the international system. It should be noted that realism centers on the issue of power and its accolades as a driving force for the interest of states in the international system. Power is founded in a number of activities among them the pursuance of economic development that acts as one of the main derivatives of power in the international system (Jackson Sà ¸rensen, 2007). Whether this applies to the United States is a question that can only be answere d by looking at the nature of foreign policy goals and strategies that have been pursued by the United States in the world. The United States is considered as the super power, having taken charge due to the collapse of the bipolar system during the cold war period.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The weakening and disintegration of the Soviet Union resulted in the Emergence of the United States as the most powerful nation state in the world, in what is referred to as the unipolar global order. Therefore, as a superpower the United States is seen as the epicenter of most of the developments that take place in different regions of the world (Jackson Sà ¸rensen, 2007). As a superpower, the main challenge of the United States is the maintenance of its dominance by ensuring that the unipolar system is protected. This is the reason as to why the United States is termed as the world police because it keeps looking into any issue or development that takes place anywhere in the world with the objective of protecting, safeguarding and advancing interests in the place where the developments take place. However, in doing so the United States comes in contact with other countries in the international scene that are also determined to safeguard their interests. Therefore, what comes out in such situations is referred to as the conflict of interests, where each country has to act in a certain way so as not to cause friction with other players in a similar matter (Jackson Sà ¸rensen, 2007). The issue of the response of the United States to the situation in Syria can be termed as an example of a situation where there are multiple interests, where different players are also interested in the development. Payne (2007) observed that for more than two decades now, the theory of international relations has been overtaken by the argument between the neorealists and the opponents of neorealism. Most of the arguments revolve around the organization of the international system and its impacts on the patterns of outcomes in the international system such as peace and war. Thus scholars have been divided over the real essence of a multipolar and the bipolar system in as far as the maintenance of order on the international system is concerned. Neorealism attempts to explain the results of the interactions that prevail between and among states in the international system. It is one of the most vocal theories of international politics that attempts to explain the nature of relations between states in the international system and how politics plays out in the interaction between states in the international system (Palmer Morgan, 2011). According to Palmer and Morgan (2011), the interaction of states in the international system is an eminent thing, thence, neorealists make an attempt to explain the factors that play out in the interaction between states and the results of such interactions. The action and motivations of individual countries in the international political arena is what is explored by the neorealists. However, neorealism does not seem to bring out fully the behaviors, actions and motivation of individual countries in international politics. This is the reason as to why foreign policy theories are used to fill the vacuum that is left by the the ories of international politics like neorealism. In the theories of foreign policy, the behavior of individual states is often taken as a dependent variable in the explanation of the outcomes of the relations between states in the international system (Palmer Morgan, 2011) Theories of foreign policy attempt to explain what states seek to achieve with the transnational system and how they try to achieve it. It is argued that the foreign policy goals of countries are based on internal, as well as the external factors, all of which are critical in the pursuance of foreign policy goals by countries in the international system. However, a balance often lacks in the interplay of the external and internal factors in determining the foreign policy goals and actions of states in international affairs. The extent to which the internal or external factors play out strongly is dependent on the strategic issues that stand in the external, as well as the internal environment. The strategic issue s in the external environment are most commonly determined by other players and their interest and position in the same matter. Foreign policy goals, interests and strategies can only be understood though the exploration of the real foreign policy choices that is arrived at and upheld by individual states in international affairs (Bandyopadhyaya, 2004). The rationale behind this observation above is that foreign policy is an active process that is molded upon the prevailing situation in the international system and the position and interests of the individual state at that point in time. This implies that countries can shift their foreign policy goals and strategies depending on the prevailing development and the nature of actors that are actively involved in that given situation in international politics. Therefore, goals and interest can shift depending on the situation and the possible outcomes of the nature of intervention in that situation. What should be noted when talking abo ut international politics and the development of foreign policy goals and strategies by individual states is that interests may prevail in any situation; however, the external situation may necessitate the individual state to act in a given manner. This is because the international political arena has a lot of actors and the strategies of an individual country are often affected by the strategies and interest of other actors in the same matter (Bandyopadhyaya, 2004). Several schools of thought have been advanced in order to explain the interplay of domestic and external factors in foreign policy. One such school of thought is the innenpolitik theories. These theories advance more on the role of internal factors in the development of foreign policy. The formulation of foreign policy goals by states is dependent on the domestic policies and goals of states. The domestic goals portray the internal needs of states that guide the interests of the state in the international system. Whethe r this is the order of foreign policy choices by states remains to be rhetoric, especially when the issue of power in the international system is concerned. According to moralists, power often corrupts the minds of states, making them to act irrationally in order to secure interest in the international system (Brown, 2000). It sometimes becomes difficult to measure the level of irrationality or rationality in the issues of foreign policy on a particular issue when there is a diverse locus of interests. Defensive realism opines that the behaviors of states in the international system are driven by systemic factors. However, not all patterns of behavior by states in the international system are dictated by the systemic factors. This paves way for the advancement of other schools of thought like neoclassical realism, which attempt to incorporate internal and external factors in the formulation and execution of foreign policy by states (Dunne, 2007). Neoclassical realism is advanced fro m classical realism and broadens the scope of the arguments that were presented by classical realists concerning the adherents of states in formulating foreign policy. The proponents of the neorealist class of thought argue that the scope of an individual country’s foreign policy is determined by the position of the country in the international system. Power capabilities are among the key driving forces in as far as the determination of the position of a country and its influence and position in the international system is concerned. However, the impact of power capabilities of individual states in the international system is quite complex. The complexity resonates from the fact that there are a lot of intervening variables that affect the pursuance of power by an individual state in the international system (Lobell, Ripsman Taliaferro, 2009). The relative material power determines the level of assertion of a country in international politics through foreign policy. Power gi ves a country the strength to pursue its course in as far as order and interests in the international system are concerned. However, there is no constancy in the linkage between power and the pursuance of foreign policy (Payne, 2007). According to Flibbert (2006), foreign policy goals come from the political process that is shaped by the politics of a country. The political set up of a country play a substantive role in shaping the foreign policy of a country. For instance, the issue of the political regime and leadership, played a resounding role in pursuing a foreign policy that saw the United States invade Iraq. The United States political regime under the leadership of the then president George Bush was so much determined to go ahead with the plans of invasion, in spite of the sentiments from other players in the global scene like the United Nations that were against such a move. Therefore, what really pushed the United States government to activate such a move (Schmidt William s, 2008)? The possibility of the stopping the United States at that point in time was put in jeopardy by the mere fact that the United States sought to exercise its absolute power. The support from other players on the international stage is said to have backed the United States, thence, enabling it to go ahead with its strategy of invading Iraq and removing Saddam Hussein from power. The issue of interest in the case was justified by the fact that the claims that were made by the United States came out negative. There were no weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, yet the United States government solidly stood behind that point and used it as a key point for advancing its invasion of Iraq. However, it can be said that there was an international push for the political regime in the country to advance actions to show that it was responding to the growing global insecurity and the threat of terrorism in the country (Schmidt Williams, 2008). There is a belief by moralists that the compr ehension of power and its linkage with policy needs a comprehensive inner look into the context within which states formulate and implement foreign policy goals. This leads to the assumption that the process of formulating and implementing foreign policy by states in the international system is complex and that states have to assess the issues of power balance in the international system prior to implementing several foreign policy strategies. Power is relative and cannot be the main basis on which a country makes decisions in the international system (Payne, 2007). A country has to consider a ray of other factors, considering the fact that the contemporary international system is quite dynamic and that the interests of states keep changing with time. There is also what is referred to as the balancing of risks while referring to the actions of the powerful states in removing rogue regimes in the developing countries. States often act with caution while advancing such steps because o f the presumed pressures that emanate from the other peripheries of power in the international system. A country has to moderate its approach to such an issue in cases where there seems to be an interplay of several actors that can result in conflict between actors if cautions steps are not taken by a given actor. This has a close relation to the perceived continued war for the balance of power in the international system and the issue of proxy wars. Therefore, the application of containment strategies depicts a situation where the major players in the international system make attempts to exercise their scales of power and influence in the international system. Therefore, each power has to pay attention to other main players in as far as the application of containment strategies in a given country is concerned (Taliaferro, 2004). Research Question Hypothesis (Methodology) This paper seeks to bring out the issue that guide the formulation and implementation of foreign policy goals and strategies by countries while responding to the issues in the international system. This is a secondary research paper that is based on literature to explain the foreign policy choices and the theoretical underpinnings in the foreign policy choices. The paper seeks to bring out a comprehensive and concise argument about the nature of foreign policy choices of the United States in relation to its response to the political situation that occurred in Libya and the political situation in Syria. Hypothesis: The United States’ foreign policy choices are highly motivated by the domestic interests and shaped by the domestic forces. Alternative Hypothesis: The foreign policy choices of the United States on the situation in Syria have been greatly affected by the external situation; the interests of other countries like Iran, Russia and China in Syria. Research questions This research seeks to answer two main questions: To what level do domestic and external interests in impact on the response of the United States to the political situation in Libya and Syria? What justifies the variation between the foreign policy choices of the United States to the political developments in Libya and Syria? Detailed outcome description The paper carries out a comparative analysis of the foreign policy of the United States in two countries that present a similar internal political situation. These are Syria and Libya. What is sought for in this paper is a comparison between the factors that influences the nature of foreign policy goals and strategies in response to the two situations that present in Libya and Syria. Of great importance in this research is the incorporation of the theories of international relations in explaining the interplay of issues as is presented on the nature of responses by the United States in both countries. The two countries that are presented in this research come from the same region of the Middle East region. However, there is a total variatio n in the manner in the way the United States develops and implements foreign policy choices in Libya and the way it is approaching the situation in Syria. Therefore, the outcome of this research seeks to explain how domestic and external forces play out in shaping the actions of the United States in Libya and the actions of the United States in Syria. The direct action of the United States in Libya was facilitated by the high interest of the United States in the country and the support of other international players like the Arab league. Both the internal and external factors steered the direct response of the United States and its actions that resulted in the ousting of the authoritative political regimes in the country. This will be expounded in the discussion. In the case of Syria, there seems to be less motivation for the United States to act. This is caused by the factor that there is a stronger interplay of external factors in the country. It is argued that Syria and its posit ion in the region attracts several other competitors of the United States like Iran, Russia and China, which bars the United States from taking a direct approach in responding to the situation in the country. This will also be explored in the discussion. Thus, it can be said that the foreign policy choices of states among them the United States is determined by domestic forces and shaped by the prevailing factor in the external environment; international system. This is evident in the comparative exploration of the US Foreign policy choices in Libya and Syria. However, it should be noted that the political situation in Syria is still active and there is a possibility of a shift in the foreign policy goals and strategies. The shift is dependent on the change in the interest of the countries that have an interest in Syria and the actions of the international players like the Arab League and its intervention in the situation. Comparative Analysis and Discussions As observed in the lite rature, the exploration of the political developments and actions of states in international relations is founded on the theories of international relations. Among the theories are the theories of realism and its resultant theories like neo liberalism that seek to justify the issue of power and interest in the international system and how they affect the choices and responses of states to the political events in the international system. There is also the theory of foreign policy that seeks to explain the basis on which foreign policy choices are arrived at by the states. According to the literature, both internal factors and external situations influence the choice of strategies by states when they are pursuing their interests in the international system. Therefore, these theories can be aptly applied in explaining the variation of the United States foreign policy strategies in Libya and Syria. The difference between Syria and Libya Syria presents a political situation where the ci vilians have been increasingly subjected to the brutality of the political regime in the country under the leadership of president Bashar al-Assad. The atrocities against the civilians have been caused by the rising opposition against the political regime in the country by the civilians. While the talks on how to intervene and rescue the citizens from the humanitarian situation that prevails in the country, a lot of political commentators ask questions about the reason as to why the political developments in Syria have not attracted the kind of intervention by Arab allies and NATO as was witnessed in Libya. The international response to the political situation in Syria has been quite limited, even amidst the increased scale of violence and calls for intervention in the political situation in the country. Diplomatic censures of the foreign ambassadors and the withdrawal of a number of Syrian envoys in a substantial number of countries in the Arab region and the Western States have be en witnessed (Liste, 2012). A number of countries in the Arab region have expelled the Syrian ambassadors as a sign of showing resentment against the political developments in the country. However, this has not presented any challenge to the Syrian political regime (Sharp Blanchard, 2013). It has been observed Syria does not heavily engage in foreign trade, thus it is not greatly affected by the sanctions that are imposed on it. This is one aspect of power that depicts the internal strength of Syria. However, Libya had a stronger internal economy resonating from the availability of large deposits of oil, but there was a direct intervention in the country by the United States when the political regime seemed to escalate its power on the country. What makes the difference between the political response that was witnessed in Libya in the year 2011 and the seemingly sluggish response by the United States and the international community in as far as the response to the political situati on in Libya is concerned. There was a resounding response by the international community led by the United States to the political situation in Libya, which saw the prevention of the bloodshed that loomed in the country (Chossudovsky, 2013). According to the political commentators, the foreign policy of the United States and its backing of the local forces were highly motivated by the prevalence of an open environment in the country. The open environment was presented by the fact that there was a lot of periphery support against the Libyan Regime from the Arab world. The ousted Libyan leader, Gadhafi has accumulated power to an extent that he posed a threat to the balance of power in the Arab League. The Arab League, therefore, has a reason to fully support the United States, making it easy for the United States to directly intervene in the political situation in Libya (Liste, 2012). United States is often associated with places that are rich in oil and the interest of the United St ates in a far as the case of Libya is concerned is quite elaborate. This can be likened to the case of neorealism that reiterates that power does not only rely on the military superiority, but also the ability of the state to advance growth in other realms like the economic growth and expansion. Oil is one of the major steering forces in economic growth and development of states, which in turn enhances the power of the state. The Libyan economy has often depended on oil mining and processing. The massive presence of oil in the country attracts a lot of attention of the external players in the country. Therefore, the United States had a quite aggressive policy when it came to the political situation in the country, which was guided by the personal interests rather than the interest of eliminating the political threats to the citizenry of Libya. The pursuance of its interests was highly supported by the favorable external support of a substantial number of players that were against th e political regime in Libya. The case that is presented in Libya is, however, different. There is less attention of the United States in Syria. Moreover, the country seems to be one of the protectorates of Russia and China and is strategic in as far as the advancement of the interest of Russia and China in the region is concerned (Sharp Blanchard, 2013). The enforcement of a no-fly-zone in Libya was one of the extensive strategies that enabled the NATO forces to pin down the forces of the late Gadhafi in the case of Libya. However, for the case of Libya the NATO has come out openly and claimed that it cannot use such a strategy in Syria without the backing by the Unite Nations. Russia and China, which are the greatest countries that pose a threat to the superiority and power of the United States in the region, have come out strongly to support the political regime in Syria. Russia and China are both worried about the possible intervention and the ousting of the authoritarian regime in the country are concerned. This justified the realist school of thought in international relations and the formulation of foreign policy (Sharp Blanchard, 2013). The theory opines that countries are merely guided by their interests when it comes to the advancement of relations with other states and the crafting of foreign policy goals. Syria was one of the main allies of the Soviet Union in the Middle East region. The same development has been taken up by Russia, which still considers Syria to be one of its key allies in the Middle East. Russia still directly engages with Syria. Russia supplies Syria with weapons, which is the reason why it supports the political regime of Syria. The continued existence of the current political regime is, therefore, paramount to the interests of Russia in the country. The removal of the regime in power could come with a substantial number of political changes, some of which may result in the weakening of the political tie between Russia and Syr ia. A close comparison can, therefore, be made between the prevailing political situation in Syria and the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina, where atrocities were being committed against the civilians in the country at the mere watch of the international community. Issues of power and interests played out strongly in determining the course of events in the cases of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the prevailing case of the political situation in Syria. A similar case was also witnessed in what turned out to be genocide in Rwanda (Liste, 2012). Liste (2012) observed that there are also other factors that determine the prevailing nature of response by the United States to the prevailing political situation in Syria. The issue of the nuclear developments in Iran has put the United States and Iran at loggerheads. The presence and participation of Iran in the political developments in Syria is, therefore, a strategic move that forces the United States to act with caution when advancing a milita ry course in the region. Iran allies with Russia and China to form a complex political bond in Syria, which poses a challenge to the pursuance of a political course by the United States in the region. There are other factors that are also coming out as the influences of the actions the United States in a far as the developments in Syria is concerned. One such issue is the geography of Syria compared to the geography of Libya. It is argued that most of the target regions in Libya lied along the Mediterranean coast, making it easy for the NATO forces to attack the regions from the sea. On the other hand, it is argued that the Syrian armies are well equipped and more coordinated, having received a lot of support and military equipment from Russia. This poses a challenge to the NATO forces that were used to intervene in Libya. Most of the countries that surround Syria also seem not to support the United States, unlike the case that was with Libya where most of the neighboring countries offered support to the United States. Iraq and Lebanon, which seem to be the strategic places where the United States can stage its military base are unstable and to a larger extent do not back the United States (Liste, 2012). Conclusion This research focuses on bringing out the factors that dictate the variation in the nature of political response of the United States in the political situation in Syria and the response to the 2011 political situation in Libya. The research has been founded on the application of theoretical developments, especially the theories of international relations in explaining the factors that dictate the foreign policy choices of the United States in the two political situations occurring in the same region. From the description and analysis of the issues that surround the foreign policy choices and responses of the United States in the two cases, several deductions can be made. It can be said that foreign policy goals and strategies are strongly shaped by the external environment rather than the internal or domestic forces. This is justified by the variation in the response of the United States in Syria and Libya. In the Case of Libya, the United States was highly supported by a supportive atmosphere in the external environment. The Arab League and most other countries neighboring Libya supported the United States course of action. The US was also supported by the strategic position of the Libyans, which made it easy to advance its military course. On the other hand, Syria presents a different situation altogether. There is no massive international support for the United States. There are also other equally strong players in the region, which necessitates a passive action by the United States. The second important deduction is that the interest of a state plays out strongly in setting the pace of determination in pursuing a course in the international system. The presence of massive deposits of oil is argued to be the main triggerin g factor in the response of the United States in the region. On the other hand, Syria does not present an economic attraction to the United States which is why the United States takes a cold approach to the political situation in the country. References Bandyopadhyaya, J. (2004). A general theory of foreign policy. New Delhi: Allied Publishers. Brown, M. E. (2000). America’s strategic choices. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Chossudovsky, M. (2013). â€Å"Operation Libya† and the battle for oil: Redrawing the map of Africa. Web. Duncan, W. R., Jancar-Webster, B., Switky, B. (2008). World politics in the 21st century: Student choice edition. Boston, MA: Mifflin Haecourt Publishing Company. Dunne, T. (2007). 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Armed conflict in Syria: U.S. and international response. Congressional Research Service. Web. Taliaferro, J. W. (2004). Balancing risks: Great power intervention in the periphery. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. This research paper on U.S. Foreign Policy Choices in the Cases of Syria and Libya was written and submitted by user Cuck00 to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.