Tuesday, May 19, 2020

Elements of Psychology and Sociology in The Lord of the Flies

Elements of Psychology and Sociology in The Lord of the Flies In viewing the aspects of the island society, the author William Goldings Lord of the Flies as a symbolic microcosm of society. He chooses to set the children alone in an unsupervised world, leaving them to learn ‘ the ways of the world’ in a natural setting first hand. Many different perspectives can also be considered. Goldings island of marooned youngsters becomes a microcosm. The island represents the individual human and the various characters represent the elements of the human psyche. In My readings I learned that there were deep physiological symbols which led me to investigate into numerous psychology and sociology books. I realized that Goldings world of†¦show more content†¦Freud saw this gratification to be one of the basic human needs. In much the same way, Golding portrayed the hunt as a rape with the boys ravenously jumping on top of the pig and brutalizing it. This alludes to Freuds explanation of the pleasure drive, he called the libido. The term serves as a dual intent in its psychodynamic and physically sexual sense. Jacks unwillingness to acknowledge the conch as the source of centrality on the island and Ralph as the seat of power is consistent with the portrayal of his self-importance. Jacks lack of compassion for nature, for others, and ultimately for himself is evidenced in his needless hunting. This is proved by his role in the brutal murders of Simon and Piggy, and finally in his burning of the entire island, even at the cost of his owns life. In much the same way, Piggys demeanor and very character links him to the superego, the conscience factor in Freuds model of the psyche. Golding marks Piggy with the distinction of being more intellectually mature than the others, branding him with a connection to a higher authority: At the very beginning of the story Piggy remarks to Ralph â€Å" aren’t there any adults at all?† this shows his nervousness being in a situation without anyone to supervise or watch over the actions of the ‘ children.’ the outside world. It is because the superego is dependent on outside support that Piggy fares the worst out of the three major characters due to theShow MoreRelatedWilliam Goldings Lord of the Flies Essay1510 Words   |  7 Pagesthe island society, the author William Goldings Lord of the Flies as a symbolic microcosm of society. He chooses to set the children alone in an unsupervised world, leaving them to learn the ways of the world in a natural setting first hand. Many different perspectives can also be considered. Goldings island of marooned youngsters becomes a microcosm. The island r epresents the individual human and the various characters represent the elements of the human psyche. In My readings I learned thatRead MoreEvil a Learned Behavior6329 Words   |  26 PagesGermany to the guerilla wars in Vietnam and Cambodia and presently to the devastating conflicts in the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Sudan. Evil is a learned behavior which is illustrated in dictators, school violence, and classical novels such as Lord of the Flies by William Golding and Night by Elie Wiesel. Humans are fundamentally good, and then are corrupted by their environment. Its because of evolutionary purposes. Every organism wants their species to continue (if they dont, they die off andRead MoreLiterary Analysis : An Inspector Calls 2046 Words   |  9 Pageswhich it is written or received,† exploring the relationships between the artist and society. Sometimes it examines the artist’s society to better understand the author’s literary works; other times, it may examine the representation of such societal elements within the literature itself (Social Criticism) An example of this would be how in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, Huck goes against what society wants, that being harboring a slave, and instead makes a friend out of a slave namedRead Moreshort story4963 Words   |  20 Pagestaking and taking.† P. 141, 142 †¢ â€Å"Forget it baby! There ain’t no causes—there ain’t nothing but taking in this world, and he who takes most is smartest—and it don’t make a damn bit of difference how.† P. 143 LIQUOR STORE DEAL: †¢ â€Å"This ain’t no fly-by-night proposition, baby. I mean we figured it out, me and Willy and Bobo.† Page 33 †¢ Ruth, quoting Walter: â€Å"Walter Lee say colored people ain’t never going to start getting ahead till they start gambling on some different kinds of things in theRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagessocial forces, that inï ¬â€šuence the social actions of individuals and groups. At an intermediate level, his theory of charisma and routinization forms part of the theory of social change implicit in his work. At the most immediate level, it is one element in his theory of legitimate domination. Therefore, I will discuss how charisma and routinization relate to ideas as social forces, to rationalization, and to legitimate domination, before outlining Webers theory of charisma and routinization. Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesSkills 8 †¢ Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities 8 †¢ A Review of the Manager’s Job 9 Enter Organizational Behavior 10 Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study 11 Disciplines That Contribute to the OB Field 13 Psychology 14 †¢ Social Psychology 14 †¢ Sociology 14 †¢ Anthropology 14 There Are Few Absolutes in OB 14 Challenges and Opportunities for OB 15 Responding to Economic Pressures 15 †¢ Responding to Globalization 16 †¢ Managing Workforce Diversity 18 †¢ Improving Customer Service 18Read MoreStrategy Safari by Mintzberg71628 Words   |  287 Pagesschool, less concerned with the process of strategy formation than with the actual content of strategies. It is referred to as the positioning school be*In an interesting alternative mapping Martinet (1996) has d ivided the field into teleologic, sociology, ideologic, and ecologic. (Lauriol, 1996, has mapped our ten schools onto these four.) See also Bowman (1995) for another interesting cut of the field. The Design School: 6 STRATEGY SAFARI cause it focuses on the selection of strategicRead MoreMasculinity in the Philippines12625 Words   |  51 Pagesconscription shaped gender roles in the first half of the 20th century and fostered a rhetoric that pervaded Philippine politics in its second half. In deploying Europes cult of masculinity to support mass conscription, the Commonwealth introduced a new element into the countrys political culture. Indeed, this engendered social order-propagated through conscription, education, and mass media-fostered imagery that would shape Philippine politics at key transitional moments in the latter decades of the 20thRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesAssessment 106 Time Management Assessment 107 Type A Personality Inventory 108 Social Readjustment Rating Scale 109 Sources of Personal Stress 111 SKILL LEARNING 112 Improving the Management of Stress and Time 112 The Role of Management 113 Major Elements of Stress 113 Reactions to Stress 114 Coping with Stress 115 Managing Stress 117 Stressors 117 Eliminating Stressors 120 Eliminating Time Stressors Through Time Management 121 Eliminating Encounter Stressors Through Collaboration and Emotional IntelligenceRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesGlobal Perspective 146 DID YOU KNOW?: Posting Online Rà ©sumà ©s 147 Your Own Job Search 147 Preparing Your Rà ©sumà © 148 Some Final Remarks 149 Summary 149 Demonstrating Comprehension: Questions for Review 150 Key Terms 150 151 HRM Workshop 170 Key Elements for Successful Predictors 170 Linking Concepts to Practice: Discussion Questions 151 Developing Diagnostic and Analytical Skills 151 Validity Analysis 173 x Contents Cut Scores and Their Impact on Hiring 173 Validity Generalization 175

Biography of Ivar the Boneless, Ragnar Lodbroks son

Ivar the Boneless (794–873 CE) was the leader of the Great Viking Army in England, one of three Danish brothers who invaded and planned to take over the entire country in the 9th century CE. According to historical sources, he was a violent man, cruel and fierce.   Key Takeaways: Ivar the Boneless Known For: Leading the Great Viking ArmyAlso Known As: Ivar Ragnarsson, à varr hinn Beinlausi (Ivar the Boneless in Old Norse)Born: ca. 830, DenmarkParents: Ragnar Lodbrok and his wife AslaugKey Accomplishments: Captured and looted several monasteries in England and IrelandDied: 873 in Repton, EnglandFun Fact: His nickname has been alternately translated Ivar the Legless, a metaphor for male impotence; or Ivar the Detestable, a reflection of his character. Early Life The life of Ivar the Boneless is found in several Norse sagas, most particularly the Saga of Ivar Ragnarsson. He was said to be the eldest of three sons of the legendary Swedish Ragnar Lodbrok and his third wife Asalauga. Although Ivar is described in Ragnars Saga as a physically large and extraordinarily strong man, the saga also reports that he was disabled to the extent that he had to be carried about on his shield. The interpretation of his nickname Ivar the Boneless has been a focus of much speculation. Perhaps he suffered from osteogenesis imperfecta, a condition in which a persons bones are cartilaginous. If so, Ivars is the earliest reported case of that in medical history. One explanation suggests that his name in Latin was not exos (boneless) but exosus (detestable or detesting). Others argue that his nickname might also be translated as legless, a metaphor for male impotence.   Battles in Ireland In 854, Ragnar Lodbrok was killed after he was captured by Ælla, the king of Northumberland, who put Ragnar to death in a pit of poisonous snakes. After the news arrived at Ragnars sons in Ireland, Ivar emerged as the primary leader and his brothers went on to raid France and Spain.   In 857, Ivar allied with Olaf the White (820–874), the son of a king of Vestfold in Norway. For a decade or so, Ivar and Olaf raided several monasteries in Ireland, but eventually, the Irish developed defenses against the Viking attacks, and in 863–864, Ivar left Ireland for Northumbria.  Ã‚   The ruins of Lindisfarne Priory, Northumberland, North East England. St Marys church on left. The Priory was the scene of Viking attacks in the 8th and 9th centuries. esp_imaging / Getty Images Plus England and Revenge In Northumbria, Ivar tricked Ælla into allowing him to build a fortress, sending to Denmark for forces that landed in East Anglia  in 864. The new Viking Great Army, or Viking Heathen Army, led by Ivar and his brother Halfdan, took York in 866, and ritually butchered King Ælla the next year. Then in 868, they turned to Nottingham, and in East Anglia in 868–869 where St. Edmund was ritually killed. Ivar is said to have enjoyed inflicting painful deaths.   After the conquest of Northumbria, the Great Army was reinforced by the Summer Army—estimates of military force are about 3,000. In 870, Halfdan led the army against Wessex, and Ivar and Olaf together destroyed Dumbarton, the capital of the Scottish kingdom of Strathclyde. The next year, they returned to Dublin with cargoes of slaves meant for sale in Arabic Spain. Death By 871, Ivar, having captured Northumbria, Scotland, Mercia, and East Anglia, returned to Ireland with 200 ships and a great number of captives of Angles, Britons, and Picts. According to the Saga of Ragnar Lodbrok, before he died, supposedly peacefully, Ivar ordered that his body be buried in a mound on the English shore.   His obituary is recorded in the Irish Annals in the year 873, reading simply Ivar King of all the Norse of Ireland and Britain, ended his life. It doesnt say how he died, or whether he was in Dublin when he died. Ragnar Lodbroks saga says he was buried in England.   Burial In the fall of 873, the Great Army arrived in Repton, where  Ivar the Boneless was apparently buried. Repton, which was one of the ecclesiastical centers of England in the 9th century, was associated with the Mercian royal family. Several kings were buried here, including Aethelbald (757) and Saint Wystan (849). The Army over-wintered (wintersetl) in Repton, driving the Mercian king Burgred into exile and putting one of his thegns, Ceowulf, on the throne. During their occupancy, the Great Army remodeled the site and the church into a defensive enclosure. They excavated a large V-shaped ditch to create a D-shaped fortress, with the long side facing a cliff above the River Trent.   Several groups of burials at Repton are associated with the over-wintering, including one elite burial, Grave 511, thought by some to represent Ivar.   Grave 511 The warrior was at least between 35–45 years old when he died, and he had met with a very violent death, presumably in battle, killed by the thrust of a spear into his eye and a great slashing blow to the top of his left femur, which also removed his genitals. Cuts to the lower vertebrae show he was likely disemboweled.   The individual was robust and  just under six feet tall, taller than most people of his day. He was buried wearing Viking riches including a Thors hammer amulet and an iron sword in a wooden scabbard. A boars tusk and raven/jackdaw humerus were placed between his thighs.  Ã‚   The burial was disturbed in 1686, and there are other Viking-era burials here as well, but 511 was the first one created for the period. Excavators Martin Biddle and Birthe Kjà ¸lbye-Biddle argue that the burial is probably that of Ivar. He was clearly a person of kingly stature, and the disarticulated bones of about 200 men of military age and women were buried around him.   The only other leaders that could be interred in 873–874 were Halfdan, Guthrum, Oscetel, and Anwend, all of whom reportedly left in 874 to carry on the pillaging of England. The man in Grave 511 was tall, but he was not boneless. Sources Arnold, Martin. The Vikings: Wolves of War. New York: Rowman Littlefield, 2007Biddle, Martin, and Birthe Kjolbye-Biddle. Repton and the Great Heathen Army, 873–4. Vikings and the Danelaw. Eds. Graham-Campbell, James, et al.: Oxbow Books, 2016. Print.Richards, Julian D. Pagans and Christians at a Frontier: Viking Burial in the Danelaw. Carver, Martin, ed. The Cross Goes North: Processes of Conversion in Northern Europe, AD 300-1300. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2005. pp 383–397Smyth, Alfred P. Scandinavian Kings in the British Isles, 850–880. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

The Whining Nigger and Benjamin Banneker - 1344 Words

It is theorized that the phrase â€Å"angry Black man† is a social construct created during America’s Colonial period. It was supposedly used to negatively describe an African-American men who spoke out against what they considered to be an incongruous and xenophobic society and more specifically the institution of slavery. The phrase’s essence had been intentionally misconstrued. The three words together were said to have been used by whites as a dismissive tool; a method of sabotaging the validity of an outspoken Black man’s claims of an unjust and oppressive system. This was done in an effort to detract from the legitimacy of the outraged Black man’s cries of injustice. Purportedly, Abolitionist and Black male orators of the time were†¦show more content†¦This was an inherited line of work at which he made a modest living. Although, his life was still filled with great achievements. It is held that in 1753, Banneker borrowed a pocket wat ch from a wealthy neighbor. He then unassembled the watch and made a drawing of each component. Next, Banneker reassembled the watch and returned it, fully functioning and keeping the correct time, to its owner. From his illustrations Banneker then proceeded to carve, out of wood, large scale models of each part. He had calculated the appropriate number of teeth for each gear and the necessary connections between the machinery, and then constructed an operating wooden clock that kept accurate time and struck the hours for over 50 years. At the age of 58, in spite of the popular prejudices of his time, Banneker had adopted the mindset that that nothing - not his age nor his race - would stand in the way of his desire for further intellectual development. He began to study astronomy and was soon adept at predicting astrophysical anomalies. Like Banneker, Andrew Ellicott was a mathematician, amateur astronomer, and despised the institution of slavery. In 1788, with tools and books borrowed from Ellicott, Banneker came very close to accurately predicting the timing of an eclipse of the sun. He later discovered that a minor error in his calculations had been due to a discrepancy in his expert sources and not a miscalculation on his behalf. In 1791, because of his long-time

Cutting Fine Arts in Schools - 1802 Words

Cutting Fine Arts in Schools Fine arts programs are rapidly being cut around the country. When school systems are running out of money the first programs to be eliminated are the fine arts. School board members have no idea of what they are doing to students. They are unaware of the many benefits of fine arts programs in their schools. They also do not know how to run a successful fine arts program. Since 1993, when legislators imposed revenue corps on public schools, school districts have been forced to make some hard decisions about the ways they can cut back spending. Music and art programs are usually among the the first to receive severe blows. â€Å"Fine arts are vulnerable to budget cuts partly because children are not tested in music†¦show more content†¦One of the biggest effects of cutting fine arts classes is bigger class sizes. If students are not allowed to take arts classes they will put in classes that were already possibly overflowing with students. By cutt ing money for arts in schools, we risk dampening our student’s desire to experience and appreciate the arts later in life (Streich). If students are not given the chance to take a fine arts class in high school they may never have a chance to experience the arts at all. Without the arts in schools students will have fewer options when school is not in session. This could lead to an increase in home entertainment which includes playing video games, watching television, and using social network sites. This will give students more time at home which could lead them to making bad decisions in the time that they could have been doing a fine arts program. When school boards cut fine arts programs they do not think of the consequences that come. Although fine arts programs are being cut there is hope that the fine arts will continue to thrive trough the coming years. There are several successful fine arts programs throughout the country and they all haveShow MoreRelatedCourse Integ ration Is Another Solution1478 Words   |  6 Pagescurriculums can be laid down to weave Common Core and the fine arts together to create a beautiful product of different fine arts disciplines and Common Core standards (Adams, Pederson, and Narboni). Imagine connecting math and music, or art and history, or even dance and gym. The students’ motivation for learning will increase as in this example; a student might like art but not history. If he looks at history through the perspective of art, then he might find more enjoyment out of his history classRead MoreBenefits Of The Fine Arts Programs1349 Words   |  6 Pagessolution to solve the issue of under focused fine arts programs includes organizing a school’s current instruction time more efficiently within the school day. Schools could achieve efficiently using a combination of course integration and more planned and punctual lesson plans. Class time of Core subjects normally take precedent over arts classes and n on Core subjects. Maximizing instructional time for all subjects would benefit the students and schools, despite the high cost it would require (Davis)Read MoreMoney Plays An Important Factor1204 Words   |  5 PagesMoney plays an important factor in schools’ decisions for cutting or reducing fine arts. Cutting fine arts saves money that could be used on academically stimulating programs and bettering Core subject areas. An Arizona newspaper reported that a school district was able to save one and a half million dollars when they completely cut their fine arts program (Faller). Fine arts takes up a large portion of schools’ budgets, and schools who cut it in its entirety would be able to save that money andRead MoreShould Fine Arts Programs Be Cut From Schools?1046 Words   |  5 PagesKhusi Jhaveri Mrs. Gorski Reading and Language Arts 10 March 2016 Should Fine Arts Programs be Cut from Schools? How would you feel if one of your favorite subjects was cut from school? You would feel disappointed or sad right? That is how I would feel if fine arts programs were cut from my school. For me, the arts are an outlet of my soul where I can explore my passion, and express my creativity. There are some school officials that say cutting arts funding would save money that could go towardsRead MoreFine Arts Programs Should Be Kept in Schools Essay861 Words   |  4 PagesFine arts gives students a chance to pour their hearts into something beautiful; a chance to be a part of something that is bigger than just themselves. Some schools are facing financial troubles with the current economy, and one of the first programs they consider cutting is fine arts. The removal of fine arts programs would be absolutely devastating to countless members of the community. Many students would lose their favorite class, in some cases the one class that helps them get through the dayRead MoreHigh Fine Ar ts Programs Should Be Funded1275 Words   |  6 Pagesfinancial cuts, Fine Arts programs have been reduced or completely abolished. This reduction instigates the controversy on how to deal with prioritizing funding from the federal government. Students, parents, teachers, taxpayers, schools, and the federal government are all directly involved in this controversy. People that value arts education tend to be more anxious about the possible outcomes. The stakeholders are divided on whether or not the fine arts should be funded in schools. Stakeholders worriedRead MoreEssay on Fine Arts Should Remain a Curriculum at Public Schools1417 Words   |  6 Pageslimitations put on the powers of artistry. Staci Maiers validates that â€Å"the school play, the marching band, the drama club, the student art show - they’re usually highlights of a student’s education† (1). â€Å". . . [Fine Arts] can connect people more deeply to the world and open them to new ways of se eing, creating the foundation to forge social bonds and community cohesion,† (qtd in Smith 2). Maiers expresses, â€Å"Because fine arts education typically is not considered core curriculum or included on high-stakesRead MoreShould Fine Arts Be Kept in Schools?857 Words   |  3 PagesFine arts are one of the first things that get cut when school budgets are getting tight. Administrators even question why we have a fine arts program if it’s not beneficial to the curriculum. You need fine arts to improve creativity and mindset for whatever you may want to do, and help kids see a way to have a place to belong and get in where they may feel left out or otherwise rejected. Research shows that low poverty areas that have fine arts programs keep kids occupied and out of trouble. FineRead MoreEssay on Fine Arts Education Issues1541 Words   |  7 PagesFine Arts Education Issues According to the National Art Education Association’s goals for schools, â€Å"all elementary schools shall require students to complete a sequential program of art instruction that integrates the study of art production, aesthetics, art criticism, and art history,† (Clark, 1987). Elementary schools are having difficulty because they are cutting back on the fine arts programming and many non-specialist classroom teachers are expected to integrate the fine arts into theirRead MoreLouis Joseph Watteaus Contribution to French Art1086 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Louis Joseph Watteau Introduction What was Watteaus Contribution to French Art Louis Joseph Watteau from Lille, France, who was also known as Watteau of Lille, was part of a family of noted artists and painters during the 18th Century. He was born April 10, 1731, and he died on August 27, 1798. Louis was the great nephew of great painter Jean-Antoine Watteau and he was the son of Joseph Watteau (1689-1756) and the brother of Jean-Antoine Watteau. Hence, it is clear that Louis Joseph Watteau

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Based Nursing †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Based Nursing. Answer: Introduction In case of arthroscopic surgeries, the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the repair of the torn meniscus are common. The ACL helps to stabilize and provide support to the joints. In the case scenario, Mr. James Versace is 17 years old adolescent, who is a soccer player. He faced problem in exercise and pain. Other medical problems of Mr. Versace are asthma, dermatitis, subluxed his left patella, allergic problem and hayfever. The assignment discusses about the continual risks of postoperative condition. The current therapeutic regime is discussed that helps to reduce the risk factors. In the section, manual therapy, rationale, and intervention are discussed. The benefits of evidenced based Nursing are discussed. Continual risks of postoperative condition Westermann et al. (2014) mentioned that every surgery has some risks that is known as the complication. However, the meniscus repair is one of the safest processes, in which the risk rate is 1.3%. The main complication of the meniscus repair is the injuries to the skin nerves. Other complications of the postoperative condition are knee stiffness and infection, which are uncommon but can occur. In such circumstances, Wasserstein et al. (2013) mentioned that the doctors need to minimize the risks of complications that will help the patient to overcome the surgical risks. In the case scenario, Mr. Versace has various health complications. Therefore, before the medication, the doctor and nurse need to check his medical history as he has allergic problem. He has allergies in lactose, cashews, animal fur, peanuts, and pollen. Therefore, the nurse needs to be careful about his diet as well, which may increase the complications of the postoperative condition. The nurse needs to observe him a nd provide intensive care to avoid the infection. He needs to take complete bed rest and avoid the alcohol consumption. From the case scenario, it is clear that Mr. Versace takes alcohol occasionally. In postoperative condition, the doctor can suggest about the rehabilitation to the patient that will help them to get over the problem. The rehabilitation technique with the sound rehabilitation plays major role in the treatment of the meniscus repair. With the medication, the physiotherapy is also important that will help in leg movement. As Mr. Versace is an adolescent athlete, he needs to get over the problem as earlier as possible. In such cases, physical therapy helps the patient to get back in his normal life. To provide the quality to the patient, who has gone through arthroscopic surgeries, need to understand the biomechanics. Achtnich et al. (2016) suggested that with the medication, the physical exercise is necessary that can help the patient to avoid the complication. The clinical evaluation and the treatment techniques ensure the optimal outcomes. In such circumstance, communication plays key role. The nurse needs to have proper communication skill that will help to know about the patient requirement. In such condition, the medical lab reports can help the nurses as well to know about the condition of the patient. Therefore, the nurse needs to check the lab reports minutely. Manual therapy The main purposes of the manual therapy are to modulate the pain, increase the motion range, reduce the soft tissues inflammation, improve the contractile tissue repair with the extensibility, and facilitate the movement. As mentioned by Forkel et al. (2015), manual therapy refers to the application of the manual forces of therapist to improve quality and range of motion of the soft tissues and joints. Michalitsis et al. (2015) mentioned that the mobilization is one of the manual technique, which replicate the normal joint via the repeated passive motion at the low speed. The normal joint moves smoothly at varying amplitudes. On the other, Chahla et al. (2016) defined that manipulation is the fast and small force with the small amplitude, in which the joint is moved in high speed. The manual therapy helps to improve the joint mobility and joint function. In case of Mr. Versace, he needs the manual therapy as well so that he can be able to play soccer again. In case of manual therapy, the joint glides need particular planes so that the movement can be done smoothly. In case of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the repair of the torn meniscus, manual therapy helps the patient in movement (Anderson Anderson, 2015). This helps to reduce the complications of arthroscopic surgeries and provide benefits to the patient. The patient Mr. Versace is 17 years old male, who have been admitted for the arthroscopic surgeries due to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the repair of the torn meniscus. In the current context, the main problems are prioritized to manage his pain and knee movement problem. For managing the pain, the pain score needs to be managed with the pain measuring scale. This is based on the pain management plan, which needs to be developed. To reduce the pain, the doctor suggested diclofenac and mentioned the dosage of the drug to 25 mg. therefore the patient takes 1 to 2 tablets daily for the pain management. The oral medication helps him to reduce the pain. Duchman et al. . (2015) suggested that when the pain of the pain will be reduced, he will be able to move his knee and the complications will be reduced as well. Managing asthma and allergy: The patient is suffering from asthma and allergy problem. To reduce the problems he needs to modify his dietary habit first. He needs to exclude the peanuts and cashews from the diet. The nurse needs to monitor the patient and note down the problems of the patient. Mr. Versace needs to take sufficient amount of water that helps to maintain the fluid balance of the patient body. The doctor prescribed some drugs to reduce the problems of the asthma and allergy. The nurse needs to follow the medication routine of the patient and provide the medication timely. Mr. Versace needs to take the salbutamol 100 mg with the CFC inhaler. The dosages need to be maintained. Another medication includes flticasone, advantan, prednisolone and epipen. The administration of the injection needs proper routes and dosage. The nurse should be careful about the routes and dosage. Nurse responsibility Rationale Check the administration of medication (drugs and injections) Before administration of drugs, the nurse should check dosage and route. However, the dosage needs to be applied in a safe level (Shybut et al. 2015). Overdose of the medication is fatal for the patient. The overdose of the drugs that are prescribed for the asthma and allergy can be fatal for Mr. Versace. Therefore, the nurse needs to recheck the dosage of the medication. Check symptoms of the patient The medication and injection needs to be provided after detecting the signs and symptoms of the patient. As the patient has various problems, therefore the medication should be provided carefully. Check route with dosage of medication administration The nurse needs to check the dosage and route of the medication. Proper implication of medication can help the patient to reduce the problems and get well soon. Observe the patient after medication The medication is provided to reduce effects of asthma, allergy, and pain. The nurse should monitor the patient, which help to develop the patients health. Take the consent of the patient and family members Before applying the medication, the nurse needs to take the consent of the patient and his family members (Mall et al. 2014). Table 1: Rationale of nursing intervention The benefits of evidenced based nursing Evidence based Nursing has various benefits, which include to provide the quality care to the patient. The quality care helps to improve the patient outcomes (Hamer Collinson, 2014). The evidence based Nursing helps the nurses to increase their skills as well as the critical thinking and decision-making. As result, the clinical performance of the nurse develops with the experience. Evidence based nursing helps to provide knowledge and satisfaction to the nurses as it helps to enhance the patient outcomes. Implementation of the evidence-based practice can manage the available resources, which is used effectively and efficiently (DiCenso, Guyatt Ciliska, 2014). However, there are various barriers that needs to be reduced to increase the rate of positive patient outcome. Conclusion Based on the above discussion, it can be said that the meniscus repair is one of the safest processes, in which the risk rate is less. As the patient has various problems including asthma and allergies, therefore the medication process should be done properly. the patient needs to take the medication timely and should take rest that will help him to get back in the normal lifestyle. In such cases, the physical therapy and manual therapy provide relief to the patient. Hence, it is necessary for the patient. The fluid balance of the patients body needs to be maintained, which helps in the treatment. As well as the patient needs to be careful about the diet and avoid the foods that can create allergic problem. References Achtnich, A., Herbst, E., Forkel, P., Metzlaff, S., Sprenker, F., Imhoff, A. B., Petersen, W. (2016). Acute proximal anterior cruciate ligament tears: outcomes after arthroscopic suture anchor repair versus anatomic single-bundle reconstruction.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic Related Surgery,32(12), 2562-2569. Anderson, A. F., Anderson, C. N. (2015). Correlation of meniscal and articular cartilage injuries in children and adolescents with timing of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.The American journal of sports medicine,43(2), 275-281. Chahla, J., Dean, C. S., Moatshe, G., Mitchell, J. J., Cram, T. R., Yacuzzi, C., LaPrade, R. F. (2016). Meniscal Ramp Lesions: Anatomy, Incidence, Diagnosis, and Treatment.Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine,4(7), 2325967116657815. DiCenso, A., Guyatt, G., Ciliska, D. (2014).Evidence-based nursing: A guide to clinical practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Duchman, K. R., Westermann, R. W., Spindler, K. P., Reinke, E. K., Huston, L. J., Amendola, A., Wolf, B. R. (2015). The fate of meniscus tears left in situ at the time of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a 6-year follow-up study from the MOON cohort.The American journal of sports medicine,43(11), 2688-2695. Forkel, P., Reuter, S., Sprenker, F., Achtnich, A., Herbst, E., Imhoff, A., Petersen, W. (2015). Different patterns of lateral meniscus root tears in ACL injuries: application of a differentiated classification system.Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy,23(1), 112-118. Hamer, S., Collinson, G. (2014).Achieving evidence-based practice: A handbook for practitioners. Elsevier Health Sciences. Mall, N. A., Chalmers, P. N., Moric, M., Tanaka, M. J., Cole, B. J., Bach Jr, B. R., Paletta Jr, G. A. (2014). Incidence and trends of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the United States.The American journal of sports medicine,42(10), 2363-2370. Michalitsis, S., Vlychou, M., Malizos, K. N., Thriskos, P., Hantes, M. E. (2015). 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A Review of Facial Nerve Anatomy Essay Sample free essay sample

An intimate cognition of facial nervus anatomy is critical to avoid its accidental hurt during face lift. parotidectomy. maxillofacial break decrease. and about any surgery of the caput and cervix. Injury to the frontlet and fringy inframaxillary subdivisions of the facial nervus in peculiar can take to obvious clinical de?cits. and countries where these nervousnesss are peculiarly susceptible to hurt hold been designated danger zones by old writers. Appraisal of facial nervus map is non limited to its extratemporal anatomy. nevertheless. as many clinical de?cits originate within its intratemporal and intracranial constituents. Similarly. the facial nervus can non be considered an entirely motor nervus given its parts to savor. otic esthesis. sympathetic input to the in-between meningeal arteria. and parasympathetic excitation to the lacrimal. submandibular. and sublingual secretory organs. The configuration of de?cits ensuing from facial nervus hurt is correlated with its complex anatomy to assist set up the degree of hurt. predict recovery. and steer surgical direction. KEYWORDS: Extratemporal. intratemporal. facial nervus. frontal nervus. fringy inframaxillary nervus he anatomy of the facial nervus is among the most complex of the cranial nervousnesss. In his initial description of the cranial nervousnesss. Galen described the facial nervus as portion of a distinguishable facial-vestibulocochlear nervus composite. 1. 2 Although the anatomy of the other cranial nervousnesss was accurately described shortly after Galen’s initial descriptions. it was non until the early 1800s that Charles Bell distinguished the motor and centripetal constituents of the facial nervus. Facial nervus anatomy is categorized in footings of its relationship to the braincase or temporal bone ( intracranial. intratemporal. and extratemporal ) or its four distinguishable constituents ( branchial motor. splanchnic motor. general sensory. and particular sensory ) . The plastic sawbones bene?ts from a basic cognition of the intracranial and intratemporal constituents of the facial nervus to assist place facial nervus pathology and distinguish extratemporal from facial nervus lesions at other anatomic locations. Similarly. a cognition of the four distinguishable constituents of the facial nervus reminds the sawbones that the facial nervus is composed non entirely of voluntary motor ?bers but besides of parasympathetics to the lacrimal. submandibular. and sublingual secretory organs ; centripetal excitation to portion of the external ear ; and parts to savor at the anterior two tierces of the lingua. INTRACRANIAL ANATOMY OF THE FACIAL NERVE Voluntary control of the branchial subdivision of the facial nervus is initiated intracranially by supranuclear inputs originating from the intellectual cerebral mantle projecting to the facial karyon. These cortical inputs are arranged with forehead representation most rostral and palpebras. midface. and lips consecutive caudal to this. 5 The pyramidal system is composed of corticobulbar piece of lands that project voluntary. ipsilateral cortical inputs via the knee of the internal capsule to the 7th cranial nervus karyon of the pontine tegmentum. Cell organic structures of the upper facial motor nervousnesss giving rise to the frontal subdivision receive bilateral cortical inputs. and nerve cells to the balance of the facial karyon receive contralateral cortical excitation. Spontaneous facial motions are centrally transmitted via the extrapyramidal system. which involves diffuse axonal connexions between multiple parts including the basal ga nglia. amygdaloid nucleus. hypothalamus. and motor cerebral mantle. The extrapyramidal system regulates resting facial tone and stabilizes the voluntary motor response ; hypothalamic inputs modulate the emotional response. The facial karyon contain the cell organic structures of facial nervus lower motor nerve cells. These cell organic structures receive supranuclear inputs via synapse formation with axons going through both the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems. The con?uence of these postsynaptic lower motor nerve cells round the abducents nucleus and organize the facial colliculus at the ?oor of the 4th ventricle ( Fig. 1 ) . The branchial motor subdivision of the facial nervus exits the brain-stem at the cerebellopontine angle. where it is joined by the less robust nerve intermedius. These nervousnesss resemble the nervus roots of the spinal cord in that they are barren of epineurium but covered in pia mater and bathed in cerebrospinal ?uid. The branchial motor nerve–nervus intermedius complex travels about 15. 8 millimeter from the cerebellopontine angle before it begins its class within the temporal bone. 6 The parasympathetic constituent of the facial nervus is composed of splanchnic m otor ?bers whose arising cell organic structures are scattered within the pontine tegmentum and jointly known as the superior salivatory karyon. These karyons are in?uenced by nonvoluntary hypothalamic inputs. Cell bodies interceding the general centripetal map of the facial nervus reside in the general centripetal trigeminal karyon of the rostral myelin and receive sensory nerve inputs from projections of the geniculate ganglion within the temporal bone. The gustatory karyon within the pontine tegmentum besides receives particular centripetal inputs from the geniculate ganglion. These urges. nevertheless. were ab initio generated by gustatory sensation receptors in the anterior two tierces of the lingua. Ascending centripetal inputs from the trigeminal and gustative karyons are in?uenced by the thalamic karyon prior to their response within the centripetal cerebral mantle. Patients with supranuclear lesions affecting the motor cerebral mantle or internal capsule present clinically with loss of volitional control of the lower facial muscular structure but relentless facial tone and self-generated facial motions. Voluntary control of the forehead muscular structure is retained because the upper halves of the facial karyon. which are populated by frontal nervus subdivision cell organic structures. receive bilateral cortical excitation and so non all input is lost after a one-sided supranuclear lesion. Voluntary lip. nose. and cheek motions. nevertheless. are lost. It should besides be noted that facial musculus disfunction caused by cardinal hurt is often accompanied by motor disfunction of the lingua and manus given the propinquity of these cortical control centres within the motor cerebral mantle and internal capsule. Re?ex arcs affecting the facial karyon. such as the corneal wink ( trigeminalfacial ) . are preserved following supranuclear lesions. INTRATEMPORAL FACIAL NERVE The intratemporal anatomy of the facial nervus has been extensively studied to minimise morbidity in skull base surgery while maximising exposure. In add-on. its intraneural topography has been investigated in corpses and carnal theoretical accounts. 7–9 Whereas the topography in certain carnal theoretical accounts. such as the cat. is shown to be consistent. the topography of the intratemporal facial nervus in the human is extremely variable and spacial relationships to other intratemporal constructions such as the carotid arteria and sigmoid fistula are besides variable. 10–13 The ramification form of the intratemporal facial nervus. nevertheless. is moderately consistent. The branchial motor and nervus intermedius constituents of the facial nervus are slackly associated as they enter the internal auditory meatus of the temporal bone. Both the seventh cranial nerve and acoustic nervousnesss enter the temporal bone at the same time with the facial nervus located superi or to the acoustic nervus. The facial nervus. along with the acoustic and vestibular nervousnesss. travel 8 to 10 millimeters within the internal audile canal before merely the facial nervus enters the fallopian canal. The fallopian canal consists of labyrinthine. tympanic. and mastoid sections. The labyrinthine section is the narrowest section and extends 3 to 5 millimeter from the border of the internal audile canal. The geniculate ganglion resides within the distal portion of the labyrinthine section of the facial nervus and gives rise to the ?rst subdivision of the facial nerve—the greater petrosal nerve—which carries splanchnic motor parasympathetic ?bers to the lachrymal secretory organ ( Fig. 2 ) . The external petrosal nervus is a 2nd. threadlike subdivision that is on occasion present and provides sympathetic excitation to the in-between meningeal arteria. The lesser petrosal nervus is the 3rd subdivision widening from the geniculate ganglion. This subdivision typically carries parasympathetic ?bers associated with the glossopharyngeal nervus ( 9th cranial nervus ) to the parotid secretory organ. Salivary ?ow from the parotid secretory organ may non. nevertheless. be interrupted by lesions to the glossopharyngeal nervus. In fact. parasympathetic ?bers going along the nervus intermedius of the facial nervus can short-circuit the glossopharyngeal subdivision to the parotid and supply an alternate beginning of parasympathetic excitation to keep salivary ?ow. Compaction of the facial nervus within the labyrinthine section is peculiarly common given the canal’s narrow dimensions. The facial nervus occupies up to 83 % of the labyrinthine canal cross-sectional country compared with merely 64 % of the more distal mastoid country. 14 The junction of the labyrinthine and tympanic constituents of the fallopian canal is formed by an acute angle. and shearing of the facial nervus normally occurs as the nervus traverses this knee. 8 The tympanic or horizontal section extends 8 to 11 millimeters through the temporal bone. The midtympanic canal represents a 2nd part of fallopian canal narrowing and is a less common point of nervus compaction compared with the narrow labyrinthine section. 15 The tympanic secti on connects with the mastoid section at a 2nd knee. The voluntary motor constituent of the facial nervus exits the cerebellopontine angle with the nervus intermedius before come ining the porous acusticus. The facial nervus traverses the labyrinthine section before come ining the geniculate ganglion. The greater petrosal. external petrosal. and lesser petrosal nervousnesss are given off at this degree. The temporal or horizontal section forms the 2nd constituent of the intratemporal facial nervus and is located merely distal to a crisp knee formed at the distal geniculate ganglion. A 2nd knee separates the temporal and mastoid sections of the intratemporal facial nervus. The general centripetal subdivision of the facial nervus is given off at this degree and often travels with the general centripetal subdivision of the pneumogastric nervus ( Arnold’s nervus ) and gives esthesis to the external ear. The nervus to stapedius is a motor nervus that helps dampen loud sounds. The chorda kettle is the last subdivision of the intratemp oral facial nervus and is the terminal subdivision of the nervus intermedius. Wider cross-sectional country than the other sections. and the facial nervus gives off three subdivisions within this part. The nervus to the stapedius is the ?rst subdivision and innervates the stirrups musculus of the interior ear. Because the cell organic structures of this motor nervus are non located in the facial karyon. patients with inborn ? facial paralysiss such as Mobius syndrome retain excitation to the stirrups when the other facial mimetics are paralyzed. 8 The centripetal subdivision of the facial nervus is typically the 2nd subdivision. Ramsay Hunt ?rst noted this general sensory nervus in 1907 when patients showing with facial palsy related to herpes shingles besides demonstrated a vesicular eruption limited to parts of the external ear. 16 Ten cadaverous temporal bone dissections revealed a little subdivision off the perpendicular constituent of the intratemporal facial nervus that arced laterally and inferiorly to provide the buttocks and inferior external auditory canal. Tumor encroachment upon this centripetal nervus. which is thought to consist 10 to 15 % of the nerve cells within the intratemporal facial nervus. 17 consequences in hypoesthesia of the external ear canal and is known as Hitselberger’s mark. after the doctor who described it. The general centripetal subdivision of the facial nervus travels with Arnold’s nervus. a centripetal subdivision of the pneumogastric nervus that exits the jugular hiatuss and so joins the class of the facial nervus merely distal to the nervus to the stapedius subdivision. 8 The chorda kettle is the terminal extension of the nervus intermedius. It branches off the facial nervus in the distal tierce of the mastoid section and runs between the bonelets of the in-between ear before go outing the tympanic pit through the temporal bone at the petrotympanic ?ssure. It joins the linguistic subdivision of the trigeminal nervus to supply parasympathetic excitation to the submandibular and sublingual secretory organs. Particular centripetal sensory nerves from the anterior two tierces of the lingua besides travel with the chorda kettle. and on juncture the centripetal subdivision of the facial nervus travels with the chorda kettle alternatively of posteriorly to the chief facial nervus bole. Advocates of this technique note that harm to a little subdivision of the facial nervus during the initial geographic expedition is far less lay waste toing than an accidental hurt to the full motor bole. However. these peripheral subdivisions are more dif?cult to place because of their smaller size and a deficiency of consistent landmarks. The arborization of the extratemporal facial nervus typically begins within the substance of the parotid secretory organ and finally gives rise to the cervical. fringy mandibular. buccal. zygomatic. and frontal ( or temporal ) nervus subdivisions. Davis et al dissected 350 cadaverous facial halves and were the ?rst to categorise the ramification form of the facial nervus into six distinguishable forms. 20 The facial nervus bole typically gave rise to superior and inferior divisions. The fringy mandibular and cervical subdivisions of the facial nervus were entirely derived from the inferior division. whereas the buccal subdivision ever received some part from the inferior division and either no or a variable part from the superior division ( Fig. 3 ) . The frontal subdivision systematically represented a terminal subdivision of the superior division of the facial nervus bole. Baker and Conley reviewed the extratemporal facial nervus anatomy in 2000 parotidectomy instances. 21 Their ?n dings suggested that the facial nervus ramifying form was more variable than that noted in Davis’ cadaverous surveies. including the presence of a facial nervus bole trifurcation with a direct buccal subdivision in a few cases. EXTRATEMPORAL FACIAL NERVE The extratemporal constituent of the facial nervus starts when the facial nervus exits the stylomastoid hiatuss. In the grownup. it is protected laterally by the mastoid tip. tympanic ring. and inframaxillary ramus. whereas in kids younger than 2 old ages it is comparatively super?cial. Postauricular scratchs in this younger population must be carefully planned because the bole of the facial nervus is a hypodermic construction at this degree. After go outing the stylomastoid hiatuss. the facial nervus gives off motor subdivisions to the posterior abdomen of digastric. stylohyoid. and the superior auricular. posterior otic. and occipitalis musculuss. The facial nervus so travels along a class front tooth to the posterior abdomen of the digastric and sidelong to the external carotid arteria and styloid procedure before spliting into its chief motor subdivisions at the posterior border of the parotid secretory organ. The facial nervus bole is normally identi?ed about 1 cm deep and merel y inferior and median to the tragal arrow. The parotid and super?cial musculoaponeurotic system ( SMAS ) can so be carefully divided to expose the facial nervus for facial nervus Reconstruction. Mentions 1. O’Rahilly R. On numbering cranial nervousnesss. Acta Anat ( Basel ) 1988 ; 133 ( 1 ) :3–4 2. Steinberg DA. Scienti?c neurology and the history of the clinical scrutiny of selected motor cranial nervousnesss. Semin Neurol 2002 ; 22:349–356 3. Bell C. On the nervousnesss. giving an history of some experiments on their construction and maps. which leads to a new agreement of the system. Trans R Soc Lond 1821 ; 3:398 4. Bell C. The Nervous System of the Human Body. 2nd erectile dysfunction. London: Longman’s ; 1830 5. Crosby EC. Dejonge BR. Experimental and clinical surveies of the cardinal connexions and cardinal dealingss of the facial nervus. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1963 ; 72:735–755 6. Lang J. 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